Pharmacy

Valid information on causes of death is a vital tool to the development of national and international health policies for prevention, better management, and control of diseases and complications. World health statistics indicated that Nigeria has the highest number of people living with diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa. Many life-threatening complications arise from type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) from which many people die annually. This study assessed the current trends in mortality among type 2 diabetes patients to provide evidence based information on the dynamics of the disease for better case management and prevention of complications. The study was a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study of dead type 2 diabetes patients using the death register and postmortem reports. Key data were extracted from death registers and analyzed with SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics at a significant level of p<0.05. All the 229 and 91 deaths in NAUTH and ANSUTH due to DM complications were recorded. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) had the highest mean percentage death (51.9%). Diabetic ketoacidosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia were implicated. Married patients had the highest cases of DM mortality 173(75.6%) for NAUTH and 52(57.2%) for ANSUTH. Type 2 DM is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the associated burden is more prevalent in developing countries. Studies have shown that DFU with: infection, sepsis, DKA, hyperglycemia, and hypertension are very important complications among T2DM in Nigeria.

The present study outlines a systematic approach for the development of Lamivudine floating matrix tablets to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of the drug. Floating matrix tablets of Lamivudine are designed to prolong the gastric residence time after oral administration. These tablets have shown controlled release and there by proper duration of action at a particular site is achieved. The matrix tablets were prepared by using direct compression technique, by using polymers such as HPMCK15M, carbopol, gum karaya and other standard excipients. Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid were incorporated as gas generating agents. The effect of different concentrations of polymers on drug release profile and floating properties were investigated. LF16 prepared by HPMCK15M and gum karaya with effervescent agent was found to be more effective amongst all formulations. FTIR, DSC and SEM analysis were carried out to study drug excipients interactions and surface characteristics which indicated no drug excipient interaction. All the formulations were found to extend the drug release, while some of the formulation exhibited floating characteristics also.

Nigeria ranked first in Africa and fourth in the world among tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries. An estimated 460,000 cases of tuberculosis and 5000 cases of leprosy occur in Nigeria annually. TB prevalence among Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients rose up to 27% due to increased association of TB with HIV/AIDS. This study described the dynamics of Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Policy in Nigeria. Many Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and private partners compliment the effort of the federal government in combating this scourge. The federal government has continually reviewed her policy framework to reposition her to combat the scourge. Some progress has been made, but more effort is required to scale up operations. Proper budgetary allocation for health in line with international best practice, improved funding, monitoring and evaluation of TB and leprosy control programmes are invaluable in the actualization of this noble course.

This research work was done to design oral controlled release matrix pellets of water insoluble drug Indomethacin (IM), using blend of Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and glyceryl palmito stearate (GPS) as matrix polymer, methyl crystalline cellulose (MCC) as spheronizer enhancer, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as pore forming agent. Drug loaded pellets were characterized with regard to the drug content, size distribution, and pellets were further characterize by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetrydsc), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X ray diffraction study (XRD). Stability studies were carried out on the optimized formulation for a period of 90 d 40 ± 2 oC and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. It was found that drug content was in the range of 92.11 to 97.45 %. The mean particle size of drug loaded pellets was in the range 1032 to 11176 mm. SEM photographs and calculated sphericity factor confirms that the prepared formulations were spherical in nature. The drug loaded pellets were stable, compatible, as confirmed by DSC and FTIR studies. XRD patterns revealed the crystalline nature of pure IM. The higher amount of IM released was observed from formulation A5 (97.12 %) and Microcid SR?– 75mg capsule (98.43%) as compared to all other formulations and mechanism of drug release followed Fickian diffusion. It can be conclude that formulation A5 is an ideal formulation for once a day administration.

The topical route of administration is more effective route as compared to the oral route in the treatment of fungal infections of nail. The formulation objective was to provide a sustained release of antifungal drug over extended period of time, so as to reduce frequency of administration, improve clinical efficacy and improve patient compliance. The purpose of the present study was to formulate Fluconazole nail lacquer containing two different penetration enhancers, for the treatment of onychomycosis and to find out which concentration of penetration enhancers gave better release of the drug. The formulation showed good non-volatile content, gloss, smoothness of flow, drug release, drug content estimation and antifungal activity. The in-vitro studies were carried out in Franz diffusion cell using phosphate buffer(pH 7.4) as medium. Whereas the permeation studies were carried out using hooves membrane. The percentage cumulative drug released was determined by UV spectrophotometer. The formulation containing ethyl cellulose (10%w/v) and Thioglycolic acid(3%v/v) and Dimethyl sulfoxide(3%v/v)showed highest release of drug. FTIR studies revealed that drug and excipients are compatible. Stability studies was done as per ICH guidelines for 1 month, which revealed no significant change with respect to the evaluations conducted before stability charging. The sensitivity of Fluconazole against Candida albicans was determined by measuring zone of inhibition by comparing with the standard drug for onychomycosis treatment.

Acute ischemic stroke is a major cause of long-term disability and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. One of main parts of it pathogenesis is production of reactive oxygen species. The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the new xanthine derivative B-YR-2 (hydrazide of 1,3-dimethyl-8-N-benzylaminoxanthinyl-7-acetic acid), which demonstrated high antioxidant qualities in vitro, in comparison with thiotriazoline, mexidol and citicoline.. Injection of B-YR-2 compound to the rats with experimental stroke had the most pronounced neuroprotective effect. B-YR-2 increased number of glial cells and neurons in the cerebral cortex and stimulated their morphofunctional activity.

Policy is a plan of action agreed or chosen by a people; a principle or framework adopted which influences their belief, actions, and operations. Out of 20 million people who suffer from the disease globally, an estimated 8million live in Nigeria. Onchocerciasis has been a public health problem in Nigeria for over three decades leading to disabilities and loss of person-hours with its negative consequences on health and the economy. This article examined the state of onchocerciasis policy in Nigeria since inception. Continuous review and improvement on government policies, strategies, and programmes is a positive step towards attaining a Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) free world.

A Simple, accurate and precise titrimetric method was developed for the estimation of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate in bulk and tablet dosage form by using complexometric titration. In this method, EDTA solution (0.01M) was employed as a titrant, Eriochrome black T as an indicator and methanol as a solvent to solubilize the poorly water soluble drug. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and recovery. The method was found linear with correlation coefficients of 0.9996. Concerning accuracy and precision the RSD% values were satisfactory found less than 2. There is no interference from the excepients present in the formulation as confirmed by standard addition method with recovery % 100.4 and RSD% 2.1. The developed method was compared with reported UV spectroscopic method and there is no statistically significant difference.

Preformulation can be defined as an investigation of physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. The overall objective of preformulation testing is to generate information useful to the formulator in developing stable and bioavailable dosage forms which can be mass-produced. Detailed understanding of the properties of the drug substance is essential to minimize formulation problems in later stages of drug development, reduce drug development costs, and decrease the product’s time to market (i.e., from drug substance to drug product )

This study is to establish the procedure of cleaning validation of Losartan Potassium tables on pharmaceutical manufacturing equipments and analytical method validation by UV spectroscopy. This study develops a procedure and validation analytical method by UV spectroscopy used in cleaning validation. This study is aimed to produce a simple and validated method by UV Spectrophotometer for cleaning validation and develop a system as compliance to the regulatory bodies like USFDA, MHRA, WHO, etc. The method gave good results as compared to official books and guidelines. The analysis of samples by UV is easy as compared to other sophisticated instruments like HPLC, TC. Samples are analyzed effectively by UV Spectrophotometer.