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Water is arguably one of the most priceless gift of nature that is regarded as the life line on earth, both aquatic and terrestrial organisms depends on it. The general desire to protect fresh water fisheries has led to an expansion of research into their water quality requirements, in terms of their physicochemical parameters such pH, temperature, dissolve oxygen, transparency, total alkalinity, total hardness, electrical conductivity, total dissolved matter, e.t.c. (Ibrahim et. al., 2009). The limnochemical status of River Ngadda was investigated within a twelve month period at three different sampling stations (Monday market bridge, Lagos bridge and Gwange bridge) which has varying degree of anthropogenic activities. All data gotten were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The comparison of estimated values of different parameters with W.H.O. standards indicated that the river water is polluted with reference to most parameters studied with Monday Market Bridge being most culpable, followed by Gwange and Lagos Bridges respectively, however some parameters such as temperature, pH, and TSS still within allowable permit. There is therefore an urgent need for improved water quality management within the study area with emphasis on the Monday market area more so because of the use of this water body by some inhabitants around it for household activities like cooking, washing and even drinking for both human and livestock.

Several surgical methods have been described for the treatment of fresh ruptures of the Achilles tendon. We operated 20 patients for a ruptured Achilles tendon. This study concerns 14 men and 6 women with a mean age of 32 years, all operated by the technique Chigot. We regretted having 12 minor complications advanced favorably. One patient broke a second time his tendon two months after surgery. In 75% of patients, previous sports activity was found. Several studies confirm the low complication rate of this technique particularly recurrent rupture compared to conservative treatment. The technique allows Chigot strengthening the Achilles tendon ruptured without resorting to the fascia of the triceps with a low morbidity.

Mean labeling of graphs was discussed in [24-28].Different kinds of mean labeling were discussed in [17]. In this paper, we have proved the Cycle related mean graphs.

The human energized flywheel motor has been adopted for many designs of rural applications in the last two decades. In the recent past a human powered process machine has been developed for brick making, chaff cutter, water pump, blender, wood turning, clothes washing and drying and earthen pot making etc [1]. The machine consist of human powered flywheel motor using a bicycle drive mechanism with speed increasing gearing and a flywheel, which drive the process unit through a spiral jaw clutch and torque increasing gearing [2]. The operator puts energy is stored, pedaling is stopped and the energy in the flywheel is made available to the process unit. Pedal power is the transfer of energy from a human source through the use of a foot pedal and crank system. This technology is most commonly used for transportation and has been used to propel bicycles. Less commonly pedal power is used to power agricultural and hand tools and even to generate electricity. The paper discuss about the application for pedal power technology. The machine is economically viable, can be used by unskilled workers, save time otherwise spent in traditional mixing and can be adopted for human powered process units which could have intermittent operation without affecting the end product.

Measurements of brain hemoglobin oxygen saturation have undergone continuous evolution. Traditional methods for its determination which includes jugular bulb oximetry requires the invasive procurement of blood samples. Besides inherent patient discomfort, inconvenience and processing time requirements of such procedures constitute the primary drawbacks of existing technology. This in turn inhibits continuous real-time monitoring. With the new non-invasive method, such limitations can not only be amended, but also opens new possibilities for patient care. Brain oximetry based on Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a continuous, non-invasive and real time monitoring of brain tissue oxygen saturation. The present work briefly describes the physics behind the brain oximetry and focuses on the designing of a reusable flexible Printed Circuit Board (PCB) which acts as a forehead probe for brain oximeter.

We are very happy to announce that from 23rd March 2015, Dr. Barin Kumar Pramanik has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Economics. Dr. Barin Kumar Pramanik currently working as Asst. Professor, Department of Economics, Government College, Lebong Cart Road, Darjeeling. The appointment of Dr. Barin Kumar Pramanik as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. 

We are very happy to announce that from 31st March 2016, Dr. Supriyo Patra has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Management. Dr. Supriyo Patra working as Assistant Professor in Management (Marketing), Department of Business Administration, ST. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. The appointment of Dr. Supriyo Patra as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 7th August 2015, Dr.Ashwani Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Psychology. Dr.Ashwani Kumar currently working as an Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Nandini Nagar Post Graduate College, Nawabganj Gonda (U-P), India. The appointment of Dr.Ashwani Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) thin films supported on glass substrates have been fabricated by employing Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis (USP) technique. Precursor solution for the spraying was prepared by placing NH4F and SnCl2.2H2O at a weight ratio of 1 to 9 in a solution of acetic acid ? and distilled water. Three films of different thicknesses were prepared corresponding to spray times of 10, 20, and 30 minutes, resulting in 13, 22, and 45 nm thick films. The optical, structural, morphological, and electrical properties of the fabricated films have been investigated. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a polycrystalline fluorine-tin oxide phase with monoclinic crystalline structure, predominantly with (201), (130), (222), and (510) oriented films. The measured sheet resistances of the films were 38 ?/cm, 150 ?/cm, and 300 ?/cm and the highest measured optical transmittance in the visible range were 87.4%, 70% , and 36% respectively.

In all developing countries like Benin, medicinal plants were the most widely used especially in rural areas to solve health problems in humans and in animal’s life. But despite this use, all the mysteries of nature were not yet perceived by human. This paper reports the results of the chemical and biological studies of two plants, Khaya senegalensis and Pseudocedrela kotschyi used by farmers in Benin in the treatment of gastro-intestinal diseases in livestock. Throughout the results, we noted in both samples the presence of several secondary metabolites such as saponins, catechic tannins, polyphenols, mucilages, flavonoids, anthocyanins, leuco anthocyanin, reducing compounds, sterols and terpenes. Concerning the extraction yield of metabolites, the binary water-ethanol (50/50) showed the best results compared to each of the two solvents used separately. Concerning the polyphenols content, it varied in the same plant depending of the extraction solvent nature. The test results of the scavenging activity showed a better one with the ethanolic extract of the stem bark of P. kotschyi whereas the stem bark of Khaya senegalensis extracted with semi-ethanol was the most active. Both extracts displayed similar activities (CI50= 4 ?g/ml) more pronounced than that of the reference compound used in this study, the BHA (CI50=4.8 µg/mL). The results of antibacterial activity of the ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of trunk bark of P. kotschyi had bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Concerning K. senegalensis, the ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts showed an interesting antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia.