Comparative evaluation of nutritive values of seeds, kernels and defatted products of indigenous Jatropha Curcas cultivated in Ghana as possible feed source for livestock
The study was conducted to compare the nutritive values of Jatropha curcas seeds and kernels and the defatted products as well as to determine the correlation between the physical parameters of seeds/kernels and the chemical compositions. Jatropha seeds were collected from four different parts of Ghana where the plant is popularly grown (1. Nyankpala, Northern Region; 2. Wa, Upper West Region; 3. Dambai, Volta Region; and 4. Techiman, Brong Ahafo Region). The seeds were harvested in November, 2012 and the physical parameters of 1000 seed samples were determined. Jatropha seeds and kernels were also defatted to obtain seed and kernel meals respectively. The average whole seed and kernel weights were 0.69 ± 0.04 g and 0.43 ± 0.02 g respectively. The percentage kernel and shell of whole seed weight were in the ranges 61.19 - 62.74 % and 37.26 - 38.81 % respectively. The Kernels were significantly high (P < 0.05) in crude protein, CP (24.56 ±0.45 %) and lipid (56.14 ± 0.28 %) as compared to the whole seed CP (18.66 ± 0.11 %) and lipid (38.09 ± 0.29 %) respectively. The crude fibre was however significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the whole seed (15.70 ± 0.60 %) than the kernel (4.52 ± 0.26 %). The kernel weight had strong positive correlation with lipid value (correlation coefficient, r = 0.862) whereas shell weight showed strong negative correlation with CP and, lipid contents (r = - 0.857 and -0.759 respectively). More also, shell weight showed strong positive correlation with crude fibre content (r = 0.935). The J. curcas whole seeds contained significantly high (P < 0.05) amounts of antinutritional factors like crude phorbol ester (CPE), tannins and phytic acid as compared to the kernel. The J. curcas whole seed meal (WSM) and kernel meal (KM) varied in their nutritional compositions. The KM was very rich in crude protein, CP (64.04 ± 0.16 %) as compared to the WSM (28.60 ± 0.32 %). However, the crude fibre content was significantly low (P < 0.05) in the KM (6.79 ± 39 %) than the WSM (22.96 ± 51 %). The antinutritional factors were also higher in the WSM than the KM. The phytic acid value was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in WSM (9.45 %) than the KM (8.70 %). The CPE concentrations in both WSM (5.92 mg/g) and KM (5.55 mg/g) did not vary significantly (P > 0.05). The tannic acid concentration was however higher in the WSM (0.83 % tannic acid equivalent) while the value in the KM was negligibly lower (0.07 % tannic acid equivalent). The two Jatropha meal types (WSM and KM) contained considerable amounts of macro-minerals like phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The correlations found between some physical parameters (kernel and shell weights) and nutritional characteristics of whole seed and kernels and their respective meal types (WSM and KM) show that some of these parameters could be used as indicators to predetermine both quality and process requirements for Jatropha seeds for use as animal feed.
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