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The African developmental state has become a critical concern of not only Africans but all peoples in the global community. The point at issue is not that African leaders at various historical epochs have to articulated philosophies and reasonable roadmaps to fast-tracking African developmental vision, however, in spite of all the efforts, it is observed that Africa is still at the lowest lung of world developmental indices. Now the million dollar question that agitates the minds of scholars and students of developmental studies in Africa is, ‘what is the real cause of African developmental stagnation’? Here many causes ranging from colonial exploitation to corruption and leadership ineptitude have been proffered. As good and reasonable as these propositions may be, this paper maintains that they are not the prime cause of African developmental dilemma, they are rather the secondary causes. This paper is of the opinion that African developmental problem lies in the nature of African epistemology and cosmology. It notes that African epistemology is organized around supernaturalism; this knowledge type stifles creativity and enslaves humanity to its lethal dictations as it limits man from attaining selfhood and self dictations and governance. This paper maintains that if African must attain her developmental dreams, she must first of all liberate herself from the powers of her religion and her worldview of life but as long as the current African epistemology continue to be her source of knowledge system, then she will continue to maintain her slavish status in the global community. Therefore, to change this status, this paper calls for the demystification and de-spiritualization of life and religion by the Africans.

We are very happy to announce that from 6th February 2013, Dr. Kulkarni Shrikant Raghunath has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Chemistry. Dr. Kulkarni Shrikant Raghunath is currently working as Scientist Incharge, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, India. The appointment of Dr. Kulkarni Shrikant Raghunath as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 29th April 2013, Dr. Moinuddin Sarker has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Chemistry. Dr. Moinuddin Sarker is currently working as Vice President (VP) of Research and Development (R & D), Head of Science Team, Natural State Research, Inc. 37 Brown House Road (2nd Floor) Stamford, CT-06902, USA. The appointment of Dr. Moinuddin Sarker as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 25th July 2013, Dr. Ramsundar Bairagya has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Microeconomics, Welfare Economics, Mathematical Economics. Dr. Ramsundar Bairagya is currently working as Asst. Professor, Department of Economics, S.N.College, Labpur, Birbhum. The appointment of Dr. Ramsundar Bairagya as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Yilmag and Cahit defined Ek – cordial labelling of graphs by combining k-equitable labelling and edge-graceful labelling of graphs. In this paper, we investigate the Ek - Cordial labeling of the graphs.

The paper examines Electronic Recruiting (e-Recruiting) Strategy and Corporate adoption in Nigeria. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate the successes associated with adopting electronic recruiting strategy by corporations in Nigeria since many corporations have not adopted or accepted this form of strategy. The paper adopts the documentary and survey methods. The statistical tool adopted for this paper is the Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation with the aid of statistical package for social sciences. The paper finds that there is a significant relationship between website design and relative advantage; significant relationship between web design and complexity on corporate adoption in Nigeria, and that trust indicates an influence on the relationship between E-recruitment strategy and Corporate adoption in Nigeria. The paper recommends amongst others: improvement of service delivery to achieve efficient and effective web-based, e-recruiting; effective base for dataware houses; the recruiting website should be interactive, pleasing and user-friendly. The paper suggests that further studies should be carried on diffusion study of e-recruiting to identify the underlying determinants of the level of acceptance of this technology by corporations in Nigeria.

This paper highlights the review of theoretical studies on the concepts of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; underline the similarities and differences between them. Entrepreneurship continues to thrive in almost all corners of the world. Entrepreneurs are reshaping the business environment, creating a world in which their companies play an important role in the vitality of the global economy. But there is not always necessary to establish a company in order to implement new ideas. A great potential lies in applying business principles within existing organizations.

The established vector for Kala-azar (VL) Phlebotomus argentipes is developing tolerance/resistance against the common insecticide (DDT). However, the insecticidal effect of wild plant i.e. Clerodendron infortunatum leaf (Hexane extract) was found effective in killing 63% sand flies that can be enhanced with formulation of lead molecules. Hence, its toxicity evaluation to humans is pre-requisite. Percentage Hemolytic Inhibition activity of the extract was observed with IC50 value of 25.80 mg/L, 18.68 mg/L & 15.90 mg/L at 450 nm, 490 nm & 655 nm wavelengths respectively. The extract was found non-toxic and safer to use as a new insecticide against Sand fly.

The purpose of the study is to empirically examine the impact of firm size and its performance on total cash compensation of executives. The study uses a sample of 32 companies from three different sectors listed at Karachi stock exchange for the period ranging from 2006 to 2010. Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis are used to analyze the impact of firm performance and its size on total cash compensation of executives. We find the firm size and its performance have significant and positives impact on total cash compensation of executives. The firm size is the most significant determinant of total cash compensation of executives as compared to firm performance. Most of the executive pay and performance literature is published with reference to USA, UK and other developed economies but fewer studies are conducted in developing economies like Pakistan. This is the pioneer study of its kind with reference to Pakistan so it can be a useful source of reference.

The combined concept of image processing [9] and neural network [3] [4] can be used in many applications like security system, medical imaging system, forensic identification system, biometric identification system and human computer interaction system (HCI) etc. Face recognition [4] [6] [7] [8] is a common approach used in security system, forensic identification system and biometric identification system. In this paper we will show how the concept of face recognition can be used to recognize the facial expression of a person. Here we use some image processing techniques like 2D-DCT [2] to compress the digital images and some preprocessing techniques to enhance the performance and then we use the concept of neural network like SOM (Self Organizing Map)[3]-[8] to recognize the facial expression efficiently. Here we use an image database consisting a number of faces of each expression to make a face space. For example, we use 10 sets of smiley faces (same person or different persons) to make a smiley face space. Now if a given image has to be recognized, the SOM will detect in which class it belongs to. The accuracy of our approach is depends on the number of epochs used in the SOM and the number of training face images.