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Middle East has been the major special area for the three major monotheistic religions for its religiously geopolitical aspect. Apart from this, the emergence of the old prophets at this area and being a cradle for the first civilizations made the place more important. During 20th century this area is like a new homeland for the Jewish people who faced with great oppressions as it was before. The foundation of Israel after the World War II in this area, Arab people especially Palestinians began to feel the heat from it. After this, we will witness many movements that will protect Palestine from Israel. One the most important of these movements is the Al-Fath Organisation. Although its main motto is the independence of Palestine, by getting affected from the scholars who affected the Arab world a lot, they decided to both adapt a new position and got into political fights with other rival organisations. Therefore, their effect on both politics and Middle East increased considerably. Among all the ideologies and the changing conditions of history, Al-Fath tried to express its own ideals.

Goods and Service Tax (herein after referred as ‘GST’) is a new revelation that is soon to make its appearance in Indian Indirect Tax Regime. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value added tax to be implemented in India, the decision on which is pending. GST is the only indirect tax that directly affects all sectors and sections of our economy. Goods and Services Tax -- GST -- is a comprehensive tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level. In this paper we try to attempt to get detailed knowledge about GST , the reasons of introducing GST, know the challenges and threats in imposing GST, see the current status of GST in India, opportunities it will provide to economy, industry exporter, company and government and Shortcomings of GST. The analysis shows that GST is a necessary condition if the country has to go back to double digit GDP growth. GST is a better approach of charging tax on goods & service as problem which is present in the current indirect tax system can be avoided by adopting GST.IT is likely to improve tax collections and boost India’s economic development by breaking tax barriers between States and integrating India through a uniform tax rate. GST is an improvement over VAT & service tax but it is also having some flaws.

Manmade disasters wrap an ample range of events produced largely due to negligence, accidents, or sometimes even by human design and its errors. These also include the threats of nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. This emphasized the regular check and modification in current scientific solutions and to promote the quest of ‘Go Green’. Water source can be used for pioneering scientific solutions at laboratory level and to resolve the scientific & environmental issue. It is in abundant source on earth and versatile in nature to behave as a communicator for various chemical/biological reactions. This solvent is best green solvent for various chemical and biological processes the utility ad its superiority over others have been investigated and evaluated.

Amino acids exhibit excellent nonlinear optical and electro optical properties. L-alanine magnesium chloride belongs to the amino acid group and has been grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST) at room temperature. The grown crystals have been characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy; powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown crystal has been measured by Kurtz perry powder technique. The SHG efficiency of LAMC is found to be 0.3 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP).

This study represents the largest of its kind to evaluate the Rural Road Pavement Performance (RRPPS) in Andhra Pradesh in co-operation with the National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA), for sponsoring the research project. Rural roads not only account for a major portion of national road networks, but also play a very vital role in the socio-economic growth of a country. Realizing this fact, in the present study an attempt has been made to assess the condition of rural road under varied climatic and environment conditions to assess their performance. To fulfill the objectives three districts namely Warangal, Guntur and Kurnool were selected for pavement evaluation study purpose. Based on the extensive field study and analysis it is concluded that rutting values over a season increases. This is due to the ingress of moisture content in base sub base and sub-grade layers. A correlation between the allowable number of Load repetitions to limit permanent deformation and compressive vertical strain on the top of the sub-grade was developed. Further it is observed that most of the roads have Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) values below two indicating the need for immediate maintenance. Finally a model to predict the distress and condition ratings of the pavement was proposed.

This paper is directed at highlighting the funding pattern of the federal government of Nigeria in relation to public education. It involves a review of relevant policy documents and research reports. The purpose is to stress the importance of adequate funding in relation to pertinent issues that affect the quality of free education programmes in Nigeria. This paper reveals that the adequacy of government funding of education has been adversely affected by inaccurate projection of target population for free education programmes due to poor statistical base and insufficient demographic information; the security situation in the country that compels government to spend increasing amount of money on security issues; and the weakness of the national currency against major international currencies like the British pound, the US dollar and the Euro that reduces the purchasing power of the naira in the international market. It recommends timely collection, collation, analysis and documentation of all demographic and institutional data relating to the funding of free education programmes. Keywords: Funding, basic education, national budget, expenditure.

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