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Pedagogical content knowledge exerts significant driving influence in educational research of teachers. PCK is a basic guarantee for teachers to become expert educators. For physics teachers, PCK is a knowledge synthesis which is developed in a specific teaching situation. PCK development of physics teachers needs the accumulation of time and experience. There are many methods to develop physics teachers’ PCK, such as self-study, teaching reflection and school-based educational research.

We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2013, Dr. Abbas Khodayari has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Education and Sport Science. Dr. Abbas Khodayari is currently working as Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Azad University, Karaj, Iran. The appointment of Dr. Abbas Khodayari as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 13th April 2013, Dr. Ashok G. Matani has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Energy Conservation, Environment, Pollution, General Management, Industrial Engineering. Dr. Ashok G. Matani is currently working as Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Govt. College of Engineering, V.M. V. P. O., Amravati- 444604 [M.S.] India. The appointment of Dr. Ashok G. Matani as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 1st August 2012, Dr.N.S.Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Civil Engineering. Dr.N.S.Kumar is currently associated with Director (R&D) Civil Engineering, Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagara, Bangalore, India. The appointment of Dr.N.S.Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures get deteriorated due to numerous reasons like cracks, cover concrete spalling, large deflection, etc. The identified the factors responsible for these deteriorations are due to increasing load, rebar corrosion, earthquake occurrence, environmental effects and accidental impact on the structure. It is always preferable to strengthen the structures rather than rebuild them. Therefore, repair and rehabilitation have become an increasingly important challenge for the reinforced cement concrete structures in recent years. The tools such as STRAP, ETABS, ANSYS, and STAAD play pivotal role in the detailed analysis of RC structures. It was intended to model the stiffness of RC beam attached with external truss using STAAD Pro. The result indicates that the strengthening of RC beams with external truss could provide an appreciable increase in the stiffness of reinforced concrete beams. It is evident that the stiffness and strength of the beams strengthened with external truss substantially increased up to 4250 kN.m. Also the results of stiffness according to theoretical calculation were found to be almost similar to that of STAAD results.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diversification of the financial performance in Somalia with specific focus of the industrial small businesses in bakara market. This study investigated to ascertain how liquidity, risk diversification and mergers and acquisition affects financial performance of an organization in small businesses bakara market in Mogadishu. The study employed a survey research design in data collection.This research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data was gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which were self-administered. Factor analysis was used to assess the validity and Cronbach alpha to assess reliability of the questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis (standard and step wise) were conducted to determine the effects between the effect of diversification determinants and financial performance. Results confirm the varying importance of diversification determinants in the small businesses processing in Bakara market Mogadishu-Somalia. In general, the results reveal that risk diversification and marchers acquisition have significant and positive effects on financial performance, liquidity and risk diversification have insignificant effects on financial performance in the small businesses in bakara market Mogadishu-Somalia. The study recommends that to improve financial performance in the small businesses in bakar market Mogadishu-Somalia, managers of the small businesses in bakara market Mogadishu-somalia should nurture and develop market Competition and financial performance. Based on the findings of the study, it is essential to give recommendations in order to gather more gains from diversification. It is recommended that; 4 Management should in still discipline upon itself by ensuring good financial performance, promote technological progress and increase it?s paid up capital regardless of the statutory requirements so that the continued existence of the firm is not jeopardized after undergoing diversification. Management should not only undertake diversification in order to improve operation and sustain failing businesses but also improve their competitiveness and financial performance. Management should come up with a sound strategy towards liquidity and risk diversification management so as to avert the problem of mismatching investments and also the quality of liquidity should be enhanced. Management should put into consideration the degree of transferability and marketability of liquidity invested in so that these assets can provide liquidity to the firm with ease.

The study examined the efficacy of instructional supervision in primary schools. Specifically, the study sought to determine the teacher’s perception on the efficacy of supervisory roles carried out by primary school head teachers and to establish the supervisory skills and aptitudes possessed by the head teachers in discharging their supervisory duties in Nyeri Central Sub-County, Nyeri County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive research design. The sample was 16 head teachers and 125 teachers. Data was collected by use of questionnaires which were administered to the teachers and head teachers. Data collected was edited, coded and entered in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.21) computer software. Quantitative methods were used in analyzing the data while results were presented in form of tables. Findings on the efficacy of head teachers in instructional supervision revealed that the head teachers demonstrated efficacy in providing instructional materials and facilities, motivating teachers for improved performance and in enforcing discipline. However, efficacy of the head teachers was found to be low in; making class visitations, defining of goals for academic achievement, monitoring classroom instruction, building capacity for teachers and in providing feedback on pupil’s performance. Most head teachers possessed and used managerial skills such as evaluation skills, discipline skills; reportorial skills and interactive skills in carrying out instructional supervision and that most head teachers lacked and did not use pedagogical and analytical skills. Most head teachers had no training in instructional supervision. Most head teachers delegated supervisory duties to deputy head teachers and senior teachers. The study recommended that head teachers be trained on instructional supervision so as to make them more effective, that instructional supervision be incorporated in the training curriculum, and that head teachers are appointed on the basis of the skills and aptitudes.

Resonance disorders are observed in patients with a history of cleft palate or cleft lips. Evaluation of speech pathology helps for the proper treatment of a resonance disorder. The speech parameters are identified here which characterizes the disorder and correction system is designed to improve the speech quality. The speech signal samples of people of age between five to eighty years are considered for the present study. These speech signals are digitized and enhanced and analyzed for the Jitter, Shimmer, HNR, Pitch variations Tx graphs , Normalized Percentile fo characteristics and % Close Quotient EGG graphs using MATLAB, PRAAT, SFS and EXCEL platforms.

Greenhouse gases have an important role in understanding earth climate history. Based on these studies greenhouse effect which produces heat due to trapping of heat by greenhouse gases in adjusting earth temperature, Climate change refers to the oscillations in earth global or regional climate in time interval and defines those changes that fluctuate with mean atmospheric conditions or average weather (common) in timescale intervals which fluctuate between decades to million years. Researches and specialists believed that with using of pure energies like solar, windy and heat ground energy and etc, instead of energies cause by fossil fuels will impede of environmental protection implication. So the average volume of light shining at a day is 4 kilowatt H/m2 and the average volume of sunny hour is more than 2800 hour at a year. These changes may have been resulted from earth internal processes or forces beyond it or in recent times due to activities related to the man-made climatically changes. Especially in recent application in the subject of environment policy, the expression of; climate change; often refers to the current changes in new climate.

One of most important discussion in consumer behavior and marketing sciences is choice of product and buying behavior. Most behavioral researchers make an effort to make in behavior models. In this research, the effect of situational variables (time available, money available) on impulse buying investigated among different ethnics in Malaysia. These variables influenced to urge to buy impulsivity & at last this variable influenced to impulse buying. Data were collected in Malaysia (Chinese, Indians, Malay people). In this study, Path Analysis used to measure effect of variables. A descriptive statistics (Frequencies, Means, and Standard deviations) is used to describe the quantitative data. For measuring the validity and reliability of items, we used CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis) and Alpha Cronbach Coefficient respectively. Results revealed that the situational variables (money available and Time available) were influence to the felt urge to buy impulsively and impulse buying. Beside that positive effect has mediating role between situation variables and impulse buying.