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The cohesive zone model (CZM) can be regarded as a computational model which provides valuable insights in the prediction of crack initiation and propagation. The concept behind this model considers the process of fracture as a gradual phenomenon in which separation takes place between two adjacent virtual surfaces across an extended crack tip. The role of the CZM in analyzing the crack propagation in different materials and variations in the traction separation law(TSL) are covered in a detailed manner in this paper.

The purpose of the study is to test empirical and conceptualization of women consumer assessment of brand image, brand attitude and quality of a two-wheeler, which is considered as a durable product. The researcher’s interest to know the degree to which women’s preference varies with age, education, occupation, or other characteristics. The data is collected from the 149 women who uses two wheeler in Salem District. In the study the researcher have tried to measure the expectation and satisfaction of the women consumers towards two wheelers. The results derived from the study indicate that the factor that induces the consumers to buy a particular vehicle on account of special features like easy start, gearless, auto gear etc.

The study reports the adsorption of safranin onto NaOH-modified rice husk in a upward packed bed column. Effects of the operating parameter such as flow rate, influent dye concentration were studied. To determine the characteristic parameters of the column, four models- Thomas, Adams–Bohart, BDST, and Yoon–Nelson models were applied to the experimental data. The results showed that Thomas model best fitted with the experimental data at various flow rates, while Yoon-Nelson model was suitable with data at various safranin concentrations. Moreover, it was observed that on increasing the concentration of safranin, adsorption capacity increased which in turn decreased on increasing the flow rate. Least sum of square (SS) and ?2 error analysis were applied to the models to find out the best fit model with the experimental data. An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to predict the decolorization of the dye solution in upward packed bed column. The model provided reasonable predictive performance (R2 = 0.988).

Concerns have been raised over the increase of problems like drug abuse, alcoholism premarital sex, cheating in examinations and teenage pregnancies in Kenyan Public Universities. The study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of guidance and counselling services at Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. The Goal Setting Theory by Locke and Latham (1990) formed the theoretical framework for the study. The Study adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample size comprised of 204 university students. It was found out that guidance and counselling services at Masinde MuliroUniversity of Science and Technology were effective among students who sought the services. The study, however recommended that the guidance and counselling department should focus more on social, health and financial issues affecting students in the campus as well as exploring the influence of university enrolment and home oriented factors that may affect students and the stakeholders were encouraged to be involved in the process of guiding and counselling students.

Three phase inverter based welding machine employ resonant high frequency IGBT inverter technology. Due to soft switching scheme, these machines are very rugged and efficient. Currently 3-Phase 160A, 3-Phase 200A, All the TIG machines have built in high frequency igniter circuit for non - contact arc initiation. All these welding machines have Special feature to shut down the internal electronic circuit when machine is kept idle, This feature enhances the life time of machines. Due to such features, Single phase welding machine is having light and saves the electricity up to 60%. Having used for current 20 to 200 A. This machine is moisture free dc welding. The input characteristics are similar to AC, having features such as high max output voltage, stable against voltage fluctuations. Inner loop control for quick system respondence, Peak current control mode make the power devices and stable, against frequent short circuit shocks, Arc thrust function, improve the metal transfer Hot arc ignition function small light and energy saving.

In the present study antioxidant potential of the moss Barbula javanica Doz. et Molk was evaluated. The total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 30mg±0.96 GAE/gdw. The radical scavenging activity as IC50 against DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), NOSA (Nitric oxide scavenging assay) and DDA (deoxyribose degradation assay) was evaluated to be 100±1.12, 80±0.90 and 35±0.50 ?g/ml, respectively. The reducing activity was assayed using FRAP (Ferric Reduction Antioxidant Potential) was found to be 1259±1.56 ?M/l. The results show the potential of B. javanica as novel antioxidant, which has been reported for the first time.

Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time. This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors and controllers for agricultural applications.

In this study a non–parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to analyze the energy efficiency and its optimization for garlic producers of Guilan province, Iran. The initial data were collected from 60 farmers using face-to-face questionnaire method in the villages of the Langroud city in the mentioned province. For garlic production processing, there was seven input energy (including human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, seed, biocides and farmyard manure) and one output energy (including garlic yield). For applying DEA method, we use of two methods covering CCR and BCC models. The results of these models indicated that 18 and 43 units was efficient as technical and pure technical efficiency, respectively. Also, the scale efficiency score of 18 units was one in the studied area. The average of technical, pure technical and scale efficiency scores was computed as 0.847, 0.940 and 0.896, respectively. Moreover, the total energy use can be reduced about 6552 MJ ha?1 comparing present condition (with 17.81% difference). The highest difference between optimum and present condition was found in diesel fuel and seed with 19.88% for both of them. The chemical fertilizers (with 46.83%) and diesel fuel (with 17.98%) had the highest share of total energy saving in garlic production by DEA approach, respectively.

This article discus a bout basic technologies which normally are used for different integration solutions and approaches to integrating data and information for enterprise information systems. In fact we are trying to find out the techniques that might be utilized in every solutions and approaches in order to integrate data and information from disparate sources this article discussing a bout basic and core technologies that work as hart of data integration solutions. This article contains eight sections and each section describes one technology. The eight basic technologies are included; Information Extraction, Data Cleansing, Extensible Markup Language (XML), Schema Matching, Schema Mapping, Schema Standards, Web Dynamic Technologies, Keyword Search.

Present research was designed to explore the causes of violence acts of children in school through case study approach. Due to the nature of the study qualitative research approach was used and case study method was employed to unravel various causes attached with violence acts of children. Cases for the study were selected from one of the government sector school of Islamabad. Present study explored various causes of violence acts of children which are mostly related with family status, environment and intellectual level of the students. Findings of the study will help teachers and school administration to understand individual differences and also help them how they deal with highly intelligent students and motivate them to use their energies in positive way.