Archives-j 

The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical study of the long-run relationship between unemployment rates and labor force participation rates in the Sweden, United State and urban China. In Sweden, Osterholm (2010) investigated whether unemployment and labor force participation is an issue that has important implications for theory, empirical modeling & policy in labour and macroeconomics. On the other hand Liu (2011) analyzed pattern and trends in labor force participation rate & employment in urban for the past few decade in China. Emerson (2011) did the study for United States on unemployment and labour force participation. While Emerson (2011) and Osterholm (2010) results leads us to question the empirical relevance of the unemployment invariance hypothesis for the United States and Sweden, Liu (2011) provided comprehensive and more up-to-date study on topic with extension in examining employment, type of decomposition to shed light on the source of gender difference.

Biofuel, is committed to becoming a worldwide leader in the development and deployment of renewable energy resources. Biofuels have been one of the substances at the forefront of the discussion. A number of sources for the production of biofuels have been considered. The production of energy from renewable and waste materials is an attractive alternative to the conventional agricultural feed stocks. Algae mainly microalgae have recently gained a lot of attention as a new biomass source for the production of renewable energy. Microalgae can provide several different types of renewable biofuel including methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass, biodiesel derived from microalgal oil and photobiologically produced biohydrogen. Algae have received global attention as a renewable resource of biodiesel and may play an important role as a component contributing to the economic growth of the northeastern (NE) region of India. Exploitation of algal diversity and its sustainable use as a feedstock for biodiesel through biotechnological interventions is the need of the hour to ensure future energy security. Many microalgae are exceedingly rich in oil which can be converted to biodiesel using existing technology. In dramatic contrast with the best oil-producing crops, microalgal biodiesel has the potential to be able to completely displace petroleum-derived transport fuels without adversely affecting supplies of food and other agricultural products.

Maize (TZSR-Y variety) sown at 75x25 cm and leaf amaranth (NH Ac 23) seed rates at 2, 4 and 6 kg.ha^-1 drilled in rows 30 cm apart were grown sole and as intercrops in four replications and laid out in randomized complete block design during the rainy season of 2009 and 2010 on the Teaching and Research Farm, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Amaranth yield was determined as weight of >15 cm tall plants uprooted weekly from one month old for four harvests; weight of shoots repeatedly cut at 15 cm fortnightly; and weight of seeds from mature inflorescences after threshing. Maize cobs were harvested dry, shelled, and sun-dried and weighed. Cropping system had no significant effect on leaf amaranth yield obtained by uprooting and repeated cutting but seed yield was higher in sole cropping in 2009. Yield obtained by uprooting and repeated cutting and seed yield increased with amaranth seed rate. In sole and intercropping systems, optimum marketable amaranth yields were obtained at 4 and 6 kg.ha^-1 by uprooting and 2 and 4 kg.ha^-1 by repeated cutting.  Intercropping slightly depressed maize grain yield and the reduction was higher as amaranth seed rate increased. Land Equivalent Ratio exceeded 1.0 in all intercropping systems and was highest at 6 and 4 kg.ha^-1 seed rate for marketable yield and seed yield, respectively at the established maize population.

The extent to which a school principal succeeds in attaining the school academic excellence and fulfilling the principles included in the management philosophy or mission statement of the school depends on how skillfully and suitable management styles developed are used in a specific context. No two principals have exactly the same way of doing things; life would become too predictable and dull if they did. A principal is regarded as successful by those whom he or she is managing as well as by society at large by the academic performance of the students and school mean score. This study, therefore, examined the management styles various principals employ in their school to attain high academic performance. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design of “ex-post facto” type. The research was carried out in all the geo-political zones of Kisii central district. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 16 principals per geo-political zone and provincial schools they belong to. A total of 32 principals from the district schools were randomly selected for the study. A set of questionnaire was utilized to elicit relevant information from school principals. The research questions were answered and hypotheses were tested at the significant level of 0.05. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA (analysis of variance) and t-tests. There was a significant negative relationship between management styles and high academic performance (r = -0.485; p < 0.05).

Low temperature offers an exciting opportunity to understand physical properties of various material and process. Electrical contact resistance which is fairly understood at room temperature behaves in entirely difference way at temperatures below the room temperature. Estimation of contact resistance and its behavior at low temperatures is not only necessary for its application areas but for understanding the contact mechanism and controlling the contact resistance. Low temperature experiments are highly time-consuming, due to the inherent thermal design of these systems, which takes a lot of time to stabilize. Automation of these experiments not only eases the experimentation but also improve the result accuracy.

In this paper, we present an efficient technique for compression of enhancement layers in scalable video coding (SVC). First we propose an improved interlayer prediction scheme which exploits the inherent redundancy of the underlying Laplacian pyramid with non biorthogonal filters. Secondly we introduce an orthogonal transform in parallel with the current 4x4 transform to improve the coding efficiency of the enhancement layer further. The improved prediction and the transform are implemented in the SVC reference software JSVM 4.0 as additional prediction modes. Experimental results demonstrate coding gains up to 1 dB for I pictures, and up to 0.7 dB for both I and P pictures, over a current implementation.

Wireless Sensor Networks consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors called nodes which co-operatively monitor a physical or environmental condition. Due to the scarce energy reserves in the sensor networks it is necessary to design protocols which minimize the energy consumption. In this paper, we firstly analyze the LEACH protocol in a homogeneous environment and then present a novel clustering based routing protocol for sensor networks. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol prolongs the network lifetime with 70% of the nodes remaining alive when compared to LEACH.

Conversion within quantities of same units and between quantities of different units is a thorny subject to Elective and Integrated Science students of Bueman Senior High School and its treatment by tutors sometimes becomes very difficult such that most tutors resort to handling the subject theoretically / abstractly. When this happens most students seemed not to comprehend the subject. In view of this, one aspect of the DTM-Conversion model (i.e. D-Conversion model) was tested on first year Elective Science and Integrated Science students of Bueman Senior High School, Jasikan. The DTM-Conversion Model is a model that has been designed by the researcher to make the teaching of conversion in measurement very easy to tutors and meaningful to students. The D-Conversion Model was tested on forty nine (49) 2011/2012 first year Elective science students and forty nine (49) Integrated Science Students’ all of Bueman Senior High School by teaching the D-Conversion Model for a period of two hours. A five item test was administered, collected and recorded. Comparison of the two test results i.e. Test before the lesson (TBL), and Test with the use of the D-Conversion model (TDC) showed that, Elective and Integrated Science students seemed to comprehend conversion of length in measurement when the D-Conversion model was employed.

The present study aimed at investigating different reading comprehension strategies applied by Iranian B.A students of translation while translating a text from English to Persian. In doing so, thirty-two students (sixteen sophomores and sixteen seniors) were given a text with a nearly high level of difficulty to be translated. This level of difficulty was double-checked by two professors in advance. Each and every step taken during the process of translation was then tape-recorded and further placed in the classes of ‘general’ vs. ‘local’ reading comprehension strategies pointed out by Block (1992), which is based on think-aloud protocols. The results of the Chi-Square tests indicated that there were statistically significant differences in terms of the frequencies of local strategies among the ‘higher’ vs. the ‘lower’ level of students. The findings also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in using the general strategies among such students.

The aim of present research is to determine and prioritize criteria and scales of evaluating cohesive training systems. Present paper attempts to provide a paradigm for better devising of universities' cohesive training systems by identifying such scales. In terms of its aim, this research is an applied one and in terms of data collection method, it is descriptive and survey one. Its population includes elite training experts in the colleges and institutes affiliated to University of Tehran. It attempts to study domestic and foreign papers and to identify criteria and scales for evaluating cohesive training systems. Library method is used to gather information on theoretical basics, literature and to identify aspects and scales. Identified aspects include: content, flexibility, organizational structure, usage convenience, usage services and apparent form. By using the experts opinions, importance ratio of each one of scales and aspects is determined. Also for evaluating the status of this scales in golestan system of Tehran university a questionnaire is compiled. that its admissibility and permanence is confirmed. Then the questionnaire in a sample (of our case) is distributed. In data analysis, T-test: statistical test is used to examine the status of scales and aspects. The results of this test indicated that the organizational structure scales and usage convenience have middle status, the status of flexibility, usage services and apparent form is undesirable, and the content have a desirable status.