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Pre-trial detention of people on remand is against the very fundamental human rights of an individual as those peoples are presumed innocent until proven guilty. Under the criminal procedure code of Ethiopia and other laws an individual appearing before the court to face charges is entitled to a presumption in favor of bail unless he is charged with an offence which falls in the scope of article 63 and 64 of the code. Detained persons do have also the right to be brought before the court of law within 48 hours and have a fair and public trial. However, the courts have used their stretched discretion to manage people via custodial remand before testing the evidence produced against them. The standard of the evidence that can be relied up on to justify remand to custody is vague and apparently uncontrolled by the principle of presumption of innocence which goes against the spirit of the FDRE constitution and other international human rights instruments. Hence, this article concludes that remand is the battered right.

Ecological industry is to realize the harmonious development between economy and environment by planning industrial systems according to material cycle as in the natural ecological system. This paper first discusses the properties of ecological industries, such as industrial ecology is operating and managing traditional industries based on the principles of ecological economics, the core of industrial ecology is the construction and integration of industrial ecosystem. The eco-industry coordinates discrete enterprises and industries and integrates them into optimized industrial ecology chains which establish the “resources - products - renewable resources” of the circular economy mode, industrial ecology helps companies become more competitive by improving their environmental performance and strategic planning; it minimizes energy and materials usage, conserves and restores ecosystem health and maintaining biodiversity. The application of industrial ecology is the practice of eco-industry parks, which are communities of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. The paper further does investigation on strategies for industry ecology system (IES) construction, which include establishing and improving the legal system and industrial policies to promote industrial ecology, collecting more comprehensive information on waste stream from all users, as well as the government should play a key role in coordinating and maintaining the security and stability for the industrial symbiosis network.

One of the most challenging problems encountered by a fluidized-bed designer is assessing how changes in bed geometry and operating conditions affect the gasifier performance while scaling up to demonstration / commercial size. Typically, commercial gasifier designs are based on operating experience from small pilot plants. A cold model of a gasifier represents an inexpensive and convenient platform for conducting detailed hydrodynamic studies that would otherwise be impossible in the hostile high pressure and temperature environment of fluidized bed gasifier. A perspex three dimensional semicircular cold model test rig of ID 940mm which is hydro dynamically scale down model of a demonstration plant of 168 TPD pressurized fluidized bed gasification (PFBG) plant is established and hydro dynamic parameters viz Froude no., bubble rise velocity, and bubble diameter are presented which are used for further scale up. Besides performance of the gasification process involves knowledge of dynamics of two phases viz. solid (coal) and gaseous for scale-up of the gasifier. The measurement of mean residence time (MRT) and degree of axial mixing of solid phase is required for evaluation of PFBG .The paper presents the residence time distribution (RTD) studies carried out in a pilot scale hot model of PFBG of 200 mm dia and verified in a hydro dynamically similar cold model .The coal particles labeled by radio tracer Lanthanum -140 was used to measure RTD by collimated scintillating detectors located at ash extraction points at the bottom and gas outlet at the top of the gasifier .The measured RTD data of coal / ash particles were treated and normalized for arriving at the mean residence time (MRT). The treated RTD data were simulated using gamma distribution model and found that model predicated MRTs of cold and hot model tests were in good agreement. The paper suggest the parameters which assist to minimize the bypassing of the coal particles in the gasifier thus improving the carbon conversion efficiency and hence enable scale-up of the PFBG.

The digital image processing has been proved to be an effective tool for analysis in various fields and applications in engineering. Among the segmentation methods, image thresholding technique is one of the most well known methods due to its simplicity, robustness, and high precision. In this paper an attempt is made for an efficient segmentation of Natural calamity images by Healthy Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm.

The current paper is a helping attempt to facilitate those students who are interested in the field of research especially for the partial fulfillment of the degree requirement. In most of the universities of different countries degrees are awarded after conducting a research thesis, but mostly student face problems in the selection and preparation of research proposals. Most of the time supervisors show the negligence for helping the students that, from which area they can select the topic of the research due to which the students who don’t have mastery in the field of research they get confuse and tense. The objectives of this paper were: to highlight the sources for the selection of the topic from different areas, to highlight the steps of the preparation of the research proposal, to give the general steps for preparing the research proposal. The nature of this paper is theoretical for which relevant literature is explored. This paper will help out the researchers for selecting an appropriate way for the selection and preparation of research proposal.

Carbon dioxide is thought to be one of the contributing factors in the rise of global warming. Consequently the discovery for an efficient and economically valuable gas capturing system is highly in demand. Therefore there have been various recent developments in creating new, efficient and adaptable gas capturing materials. Microporous organic based materials received great research efforts in the field of environmental related applications such as gas storage and separations due to their permanent porosity, low density (i.e. composed of light weight elements) and remarkable physicochemical stability. Three anthracene microporous polymers (AMPs)1,2 bridged by imide links were successfully prepared by conventional nucleophilic substitution reaction between different 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracenes and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophalonitrile (instead of fluoro-monomer)2. AMPs display a BET surface area in the range of 711-796 m2 g–1, and adsorb reach to 1.70 wt. % H2 at 1.09 bar/77 K. The enhanced microporosity, in comparison to other organic microporous polymers originates from the macromolecular shape of framework, as dictated by the anthracene units, which helps to reduce intermolecular contact between the extended planar struts of the rigid framework. The impressive hydrogen adsorption capture of these materials verified by Horvath?Kawazoe (HK) and NLDFT analyses of low-pressure nitrogen adsorption data, which expected to be use in transportation as a source of green chemistry. A novel synthesis method for AMPs was done by Flow Injection System (FIS). This method has the advantage over conventional synthesis method as saving time-solvent and lowering synthesis cost of. Optimizing conditions (sample & reagent volumes, 0.1 ml/min flow rate, with 0.5 m coil length and 0.5 mm i.d) were used for increasing percentage yield of the product.

In this Paper, the Fuzzy Transportation Problem is investigated with the aid of Triangular Fuzzy Numbers. A new relevant numerical example is included.

Lithium sulphate doped urea thiourea crystals were grown by slow evaporation method at 30 °C. The method of growing 1:3:2 UTLS crystals is explained. The structural studies on the grown crystals were carried out by X-ray diffraction analysis. The grown crystals are found to be in orthorhombic structure and the lattice parameters of pure urea thiourea crystal are a =7.657 Å, b = 8.588 Å and c= 5.485 Å. The lattice parameter is distorted due to the incorporation of lithium ion into the lattice sites of the urea thiourea crystal. The functional groups of the grown crystals have been identified by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Optical transmittance and thermal stability of the materials were carried out by UV-Vis-NIR and TG/DTA analysis. The nonlinear nature of the crystal is confirmed by SHG test.

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of industrial effluents on biochemical parameters of Cicer arietinum crop. Water samples were collected from a common outlet of different industries of Kota. The biochemical parameters studied were phenol, protein, starch, total soluble sugar, pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, and total chlorophyll) and antioxidative enzymes like catalase and peroxidase. These parameters were compared between plants grown in industrial waste water and controls. Results showed that industrial waste water irrigated crops significantly affect some biochemical contents. Result showed that total chlorophyll, protein and catalase content is decreased in plants irrigated with waste water in comparison to that with control water crop, Whereas starch , total soluble sugar, carotenoid, phenol and peroxidase contents were increased in plants irrigated with waste water in comparison to that with control water crop. Significant changes are seen in total carbohydrate content of industrial waste water irrigated crop as compared to control. Study showed that industrial waste water irrigation stress induces the changes in biochemical parameters and antioxidative enzymes content in Cicer crop.

Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit), the widely cultivated and popular food throughout the tropical regions of the world and its nativity roots to a part of south and South East Asia. The need for an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production due to consumption of vegetable oil for humans led to the study of jackfruit seed oil. This study includes the optimization of oil from feasible methods with respective solvents and the optimization is based on the amount of oil yield. The oil extraction process aided in this report namely, microwave oven, soxhlet extraction and mechanical shaker. The solvents used were petroleum ether, cyclohexane, methanol and ethyl acetate. The most efficient yield was obtained in microwave oven extraction process resulting in 27% of yield using methanol as solvent. The biodiesel yield obtained was about 92% by transesterification of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seed oil at the following conditions: 65oC of reaction temperature, 1:9 molar ratio of oil : methanol and 400 rpm of stirring speed for 120 minutes with 1 wt% of sodium hydroxide as catalyst.