Archives-j 

International law is applicable on the members of international community which are states, international organisations and individuals. The term ‘state’ is a political expression which is a means to rule over certain territory. However the kind of state we visualize today did not exist in the ancient times. Besides, international and political thinkers call the present system of nation-states as Westphalian system. Therefore the researcher feels it worthy to make a historical research to trace the origin of nation-state being a prime subject of the international law and to highlight the myth involved. The paper begins with the Greek city-states which existed before Christ and travels through Roman kingdom, feudal system, the Holy Roman Empire and the Peace of Westphalia. The paper brings to light the Westphailian myth regarding the origin of nation-state and reveals how it originated during the Holy Roman Empire.

This study assesses the Hausa traditional residential houses with a view to identify transformations in Hausa Traditional residential architecture and to investigate reasons and for the transformation. A minimum of 16-40 houses on each ward were purposely selected for the survey. A total of fifty-three (53) wards from (8) eight Local Governments in Kano Metropolitan making a total 1010 houses were studied. Result revealed that, the foundation in the traditional Hausa Architecture was excavated at 300-400 meters depth, roofing system were exposed to single or double pitch and made of timber rafters purlin. Finishes in the Hausa traditional Architecture was made of cement plaster. Furthermore, the open spaces area ranges from 15%-35% of the total land area.

Currently many bacteria have been exploited for production of biopolymers for various industrial applications. The need for biopolymers has been increasing constantly along with increase in human needs. In the present study two important biopolymers- edo polymer (PHA) and exopolymer (EPS) was extracted and characterized from the Bacillus sp. 2-11. The ability of Bacillus sp.2-11 to produce PHA was identified by simple and rapid Sudan black B staining method. Similarly the presence of exopolysaccharides was identified by Alcian Blue staining method. The ability of the organism to utilize cheap substrates as carbon source for polyhydroxyalkonates (PHA) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was determined. Rice bran, wheat bran, molasses and sago liquid wastes were supplemented as carbon substrate in nitrogen free production medium. The most suitable carbon source was sago liquid waste as it showed 42.15% and 50.80% PHA and EPS yield respectively. It was also observed that PHA yield was growth associated whereas EPS production was observed at the late exponential phase. Both FT-IR and GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of PHA and EPS in Bacillus sp.2-11

we report a clinical case of a rare entity, the zenker's diverticulum, discovered in a young man, we present the clinical dilemma and the management challange.

Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of stridor in infants-strider results from upper airway obstruction due to supraglottic tissue collapse. Most causes of laryngomalacia are mild and self solve investigation and intervention required in severe causes. There is a strong association with gastroesophgeal reflux disease in patients with laryngomalacia and thus medical treatment with antireflux medications surgical treatment is preferred, while it indicate supraglottoplasty, severe cases are reserved. Proper identification of those patients when requires medical and surgical invention is key to providing with successful outcomes.

A comparative study of the phytoplankton and epiphyton biomass in relation to environmental characteristics at the Iragbo part of Yewa Lagoon were undertaken for six months (December, 2012- May, 2013). Water temperature (?32.20C), air temperature (? 48.50C), transparency (? 48.5cm), pH (? 8.16), were higher in dry months while in the wet months total suspended solids (? 1.3mg/L) and total dissolved solids (? 49.0mg/L) values were higher. Dissolved oxygen values (? 2.8mg/L ? 7.6mg/L) were moderate in the Lagoon while biochemical oxygen demand varied between 7.0mg/L and 16.0mg/L, chemical oxygen demand also varied between 21.0mg/L and 40.0mg/L. Reactive silicates ranged between 0.002mg/L and 0.004mg/L throughout the sampling months. The heavy metal values; Copper (?0.03mg/L), Lead (? 0.017mg/L), Zinc (? 0.62mg/L) and Iron (? 0.34mg/L) remained low throughout the sampling period.. Both the phytoplankton and epiphyton biomass were higher in the dry months. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a values were highest in January while epiphyton chlorophyll-a value was highest in February. The pinnate diatoms dominated the epiphyton community while the centrales diatoms dominated the phytpplankton community. A total of 4885 individuals of 76 phytoplankton species belonging to 6 divisions were identified while a total of 2505 individuals of 39 epiphyton species belonging to 4 divisions were identified. For the phytoplankton community, a total of 1565 individuals (31.80%) represent bacillariophyta division while 635 (12.90%), 2535 (51.52%), 115 (2.33%), 15 (0.5%), and 20 (0.85%) represent chlorophyta, euglenophyta, chrysophyta and pyrophyta respectively. For the epiphyton community, a total of 2525 individuals (87.37%) represents bacillariophyta division while 105 (3.69%), 195(6.74%), and 65(2.24%) individuals represent chlorophyta, cyanophyta and euglenophyta respectively. Species used elsewhere for biomonitoring were observed in the lagoon, they include (Euglenoid) Euglena and Phacus species, Trachelomonas hispida, (Diatoms) Gomphonema parvulum, Synedra ovate, Pinnularia major and (Green algae) Chlorella sp.

The detection rate of pancreatic cystic lesions has increased since the current use of high resolution imaging. CT-scan, MRI and echo-endoscopy are diagnostic modalities. The pseudocyst is the most common lesion. It is benign and can be managed by endoscopic treatment. Pancreatic cancer accounts for 2% of all tumors, yet it is the fifth leading cause of cancer death. The surgical treatment of these lesions should be discussed within a multidisciplinary team. The interest of this observation lies in the rarity of the published case, both in terms of the location of the tumor and the clinical and radiological presentation leading to a benign tumor of the pancreas which sometimes poses diagnostic difficulties and justifies a discussion multidisciplinary.

As explained in the chaos chapter, in strange attractor of chaotic systems, creation of information takes place in the diverging trajectories while destruction of information happens in converging trajectories. This quality provides the system with an optimization process. In fact, diverging trajectories provide a search space for examination of all the possibilities and probabilities while finding the optimum general solution to the matter at hand takes place in converging trajectories. In the process starting from the subject and ending with the architectural design, the mind constantly converges and diverges in order to create new information and destroy the redundant information. At the stage of idea-finding, as the parasite and often redundant information increase, our mental system’s trajectories diverged in order to acquire information and develop the search space. Now, we must consider the actual conditions of the act and the designing priorities and destroy the information by absorbing the redundancies and set aside the improper ideas and through elimination, narrow down our ideas in order to find the best answer so that our final mental pattern takes form out of shapelessness. As if until now, we have prepared the conditions of creating and vitalizing the entity and now we want to deal with its actual essence: what nature does this embryo is supposed to assume in order to be accepted and welcomed by its future audiences and maintainers? In the third stage, the alternatives start their journey to growth and evolution from vague and broad sketches and end when a real design emerges.

In the title compound, C22H19ClN4, the pyrrole and pyrimidine rings form a dihetrocyclic fused pyrrolo-pyrimidine ring system which is almost co-planar; dihedral angle between two ring planes is 6.2º, to which five membered pyrrolidine ring is substituted, which is puckered to attain half chair conformation. Two other rings chloro-phenyl and phenyl are substituted at the 7 and 9 positions respectively in the fused ring system. Chloro-phenyl ring also shares the plane of fused ring system. (Dihedral angle between two ring system is 12.4º.) Crystal packing is stabilized due to ?-? interaction observed between pyrrole and chloro-phenyl ring of its symmetry related molecules (centroid-centroid distance: 3.8641 Å). Intramolecular C-H…N hydrogen bond is also observed in the molecular structure.

Takayasu's disease is an inflammatory arteritis particularly rare in children and is often difficult to diagnose due to the large clinical polymorphism and the absence of specific biological criteria. We report a rare case of takayassu disease revealed by pyoderma gangrenosum in a child. The diagnosis was confirmed by imaging, which showed multifocal arterial damage suggestive of vasculitis.