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More than millions of people are living under the threat of influenza virus over the world countries including Nepal. The pathogenesis of this disease is not clearly understood and is probably attributed to genomic variations in viral strains as well as the host genetic makeup. The present study is to determine the role of polymorphism of TNF-alpha promoter regions at positions -238G/A, -308G/A, -857C/T and -863C/A in the severity of Influenza A Pdm/09 patients. Total of 500 patients including 300 Influenza A Pdm/09 (RT-PCR positive) and 200 apparently healthy individuals (Influenza A Pdm/09 Negative by RT-PCR) were included in the study. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using site specific restriction enzymes were implemented for polymorphism study of TNF alpha promoter. Following the analysis of the digestion patterns of four polymorphic sites of the TNF- alpha promoter region, a significant association was observed between the allele -308A with the patients of Influenza A Pdm /09 patients. TNF- alpha 308 G/A has been shown to be associated with elevated TNF- alpha transcriptional activity. As per the literature search, this is the first study to identify the role of TNF- alpha promoter in Influenza A Pdm/09 infection. Our results show that subjects with - 308A more vulnerable to the severe form of Influenza A Pdm/09 infection

The State of the art of concrete filled steel tubular columns is presented in this paper. Experimental data has been collected and compiled in a comprehensive format listing parameters involved in the study. Areas of further research are presented and results of ongoing experimental and numerical investigations are also shown.

Macro benthic invertebrates are an important and integral part of any aquatic ecosystem as they form the basis of the tropic level and any negative effects caused by pollution in the community structure can in turn affect tropic relationships. These can include those that feed on them directly or indirectly such as fish and bird populations, respectively. In addition, aquatic invertebrates have the ability to clean rivers as they utilize the organic and detritus matter. According to Carlisle etal., 2007 macro-invertebrate populations in streams and rivers can assist in the assessment of the overall health of the stream. During the present Survey of at Mansarovar talab 32 species of Macro invertebrates were recorded which belong to represented 11(eleven) species of oligochaeta, 2(two) species of Hirudinea (Leeches), 8 (eight) species of Gastropoda, 3 (three) species of pelecypoda (Bivalvia), 4 (four) species of insect 2 (two) species of ostracoda and 2 (two) species of Branchiopoda. The Present study was carried out at Mansarovar Talab of Jeerapura, Dhar (M.P.) during a Jun 2014-July 2015.

The present study is about Viewers Perceptions about Code of Ethics and its Applications in Political Talk Shows (A Survey Conducted at Sargodha City). Political talk shows Capital Talk (Geo News) Kal Tak (Express News) On the Front (Dunya News) Sawal Yeh Hai (ARY News) and News Beat (SAMAA TV) are selected for this study. Total two hundred respondents have been selected for data collection with the help of questionnaire from Sargodha city. Social responsibility theory (SRT) is use to check the application code of ethics of media in the society. The Social Responsibility Theory (SRT) claims that the media has a duty to public and this theoretical approach is a result of shifting media ethics. Present research is identified to find the impact of analysis and discussion by experts through politics talk shows and opportunity of media ethics. This is becoming a more and more essential issue in modern society. Do the anchorpersons of TV political talk shows have focus on social responsibility and respect for media ethics in order to satisfy the public? Empirical findings show that Geo News program Capital Talk is more frequently watched by viewers as compared to other political talk show. It is also finding that Geo News program Capital Talk provides more political awareness as compared to other political talk shows. Findings show that Javed Chudary in his political talk show (Kal Tak) followed code of ethics as compared to other anchorperson TV channels.

Software protection is an area of active research in which the software industry is encountering a number of threats. Software piracy is one such threat, which proves detrimental in protecting the intellectual property rights. There have been a variety of techniques developed to address the issue like software watermarking, code obfuscation, and tamper-proofing. In the current research we address the issue of software piracy through a prevention technique known as software watermarking which aims at providing copyright protection and authorized access of commercial software. In this paper fragile software watermark is used to embed personal information into the software. Then this personal information is merged with the hardware parameters of the client machine extracted during the process of installation and License key provided by the vendor. This combined string (Watermark + Hardware parameters + key) is send to the server for registration. This process is implemented and tested on different machines and the accuracy of the proposed model is found to be 99%. The proposed model will be beneficial in combating software piracy and securing the software from redistribution.

Wireless Sensor Network has a growing demand worldwide. This network plays a vital role in creating reliable and scalable system making human life easier and faster. WSN is a sensitive network which is effective and efficient. In this paper we have implemented WSN for keeping regular updates on a health of a machine and its control. For wireless communication purpose Zigbee protocol is deployed. Required algorithms have been developed allowing evaluation of additional parameters using data from measurements held.

In this work, a class of new computational methods for solution of variable coefficients partial differential equation was developed at step numbers j = 2; resulting into a Trapezoidal rule spectral based computational scheme as reported in Lambert (1973). The accuracy, consistency, stability and convergence properties of these methods were determined. The methods were implemented on some sampled problems that involve both constant and, variable coefficients parabolic partial differential equations; and evaluated by comparing them with some existing difference methods. The results obtained are found to be more rapidly converging as the step lengths h and k approaches zeros. This work provides better alternative numerical solutions to a class of dynamical problems having time dependent boundary conditions. Higher ordered parabolic partial differential equations with defined theoretical solutions to given boundary conditions can be solved directly using this method. 

Breast is a host to many diseases which present as lumps in the breast. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology’ (FNAC) and ‘Core Needle Biopsy’ (CNB) are commonly used to obtain pathologic diagnosis. Total 104 patients presenting with palpable breast lumps were subjected to FNAC then Core needle biopsy in a single sitting. Finally the results of FNAC and Core Needle biopsy were compared in the light of excision biopsy results. Sensitivities of FNAC and Core Needle biopsy were 83.33 % and 95.83 % and specificities were 96.55 % and 100 % respectively showing that Core Needle biopsy was more accurate than FNAC.

This article presents the confirmatory factor analysis of the 20 item career locus of control scale with a sample of 370 secondary school students. The instrument consists of 4 subscales measuring Internality, Luck, Helplessness, and Powerful Others. The overall internal reliability of the locus of control scale was satisfactory. The current study tested six models and verified four of the six models. External locus of control scores correlated significantly with measures ofcareer decision self-efficacy, career indecision and vocational identity. Internal locus of control scores correlated significantly with career decision making self efficacy. Significant gender differences were noted in most of the subscales of career locus of control with males scoring significantly higher on the subscales measuring externality and females scoring significantly higher on the subscales measuring internality. Age was not related to any of the sub scales. The current study provides the validity data for the career locus of control scale using a Kenyan sample. Based on the results, other researchers may use the instrument to measure the career locus of control of Africans.

Man as a social and political being tends to live and interact with his fellow beings in the society. He organizes his existence which is life, liberty and happiness as common good in the society. In this paper, Hart’s Concept of Law tries to argue for an accurate and concise legal positivism which brings the source of legal authority into acceptance by a system of rules which is grounded in a fundamental recognition that determines what is to be included among the legal rules. This seeks to offer an explanation to the concept of law differently from the popular utilitarian command which sufficiently describes criminal law, but is limited in describing legal system generally. It expresses the act of obligation which takes itself as a guide for behavior and holds the fact that law is to be followed than to be motivated by threat of punishment. To achieve this, Hart works out a form of legal positivism that reveals legal and moral connection at some points. In view of this, using the expository, descriptive, analytic and evaluative methods, the study established that, Hart’s exposition on law is beyond mere sanctioning, which involves imposing obligatory rules that characterizes a political society built on democratic principles.