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Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. The most common kinds of corrosion result from electrochemical reactions. It can be prevented if the metal is coated with something which does not allow moisture and oxygen to react with it. It can be controlled by either alloying or by anti rust solutions. The naturally occurring plant products are eco-friendly, compatible, nonpolluting, less toxic, easily available, biodegradable and economic to be used as corrosion inhibitor.Euphorbia caducifolia has been selected to study its corrosion inhibition efficiency. It is easily available in any season. It is native to Thar Desert of India and located on rocky terrain, hills. It is used for treatment of bleeding wound, cutaneous eruption, urinary problems, kidney stones, rheumatic pain, bronchitis, jaundice, diabities, stomach pain, hernia etc. It is also called “Thor” and “Danda-thor”. It contains caudicifolin) norcycloartane type triterpene, cyclocaducinol, triterpenes euphol, tirucallol and cycloartenol. Corrosion inhibition efficiency of arial parts of Euphorbia caducifolia was studied for aluminium in HNO3. Maximum inhibition efficiency was found 92.17% in 1N HNO3 acid with 0.8% leaf corrosion inhibitor whereas it was 90.53% for stem and 89.94% for flower with same concentration of inhibitor i.e. 0.8%. Inhibition efficiency was studied in different concentration of acid (1N, 1.5N, 2N and 2.5N) with different concentration of inhibitor (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%). Weight loss and thermometric methods were used. Inhibition efficiency was found to be increase with increase in concentration of inhibitor and decrease with increase in acid strength.

This paper mainly explain the lowering of band gap energy of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (3.263eV) than their bulk counterparts (3.37 eV), which indicate the high conductivity than the bulk ZnO powder. Zn1-xLixO, Zn1-xNaxO and Zn1-xKxO (where x= 0.005, 0.01, 0.015 and 0.02 M for all dopants) doped ZnO nanoparticles and their solution was then characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer. All concentration of Li+ doped ZnO nanoparticles was more narrowing the band gap of the undoped ZnO nanoparticles than Na+ and K+ doped ZnO nanoparticles. Both the size and concentration of dopants were affecting the band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles. As the concentration and ionic radii of the dopants increases the optical band gap energy was also increasing. So the highest band gap energy was obtained by 0.015 and 0.02M K+ doped ZnO nanoparticles.

A code smell is a hint or the description of a symptom that something has gone wrong somewhere in your code. These are commonly occurring patterns in source code that indicate poor programming practice or code decay. The presence of code smells can have a severe impact on the quality of a program, i.e. making system more complex, less understandable and cause maintainability problem. Herein, an automated tool have been developed that can rectify code smells present in the source code written in java, C# and C++ to support quality assurance of software. Also, it computes complexity, total memory utilized/wastage, maintainability index of software. In this research paper an approach used for the design and implementation of testing tool for code smell rectification is discussed and is validated on three different projects.

The concentration of lead, nickel, magnesium, copper and chromium in ground water resources across sapele local government area were assessed in other to ascertain if their concentration show conformity to world health organization (WHO) stipulated standard. In this study, fifty ground water samples were collected randomly across the study area. The result obtained shows that nickel, chromium, copper ranges from 0.90 – 1.00, BDL – 0.06, 0.30 – 1.40, BDL – 0.15GML-1 respectively while lead was below detection limits. The result when matched with world health organization standard revealed that the water are portable.

The Objectives of this research were : (1) to study the current situation and problems of organizing activities of healthy promotion for aging in Thailand and Japan(2) to study a types of the activities which promotes for aging in Thailand and Japan and (3) to develop activities model for promoting healthy of aging in Thailand by the public participation approach, The methodology was used research and development (R&D). Mixed methodologies are mainly with the qualitative approaches and a supported quantitative approach used in the study comprised the focus group discussion, the meeting for group brainstorming, in-depth interviews and participating observation. About qualitative research, the study used the questionnaire. The target group in Thailand included aging in the community as those who are good in – interaction and being able to participate with the proposed activities, the leader of the community, public healthy volunteers. In Japan included aging in the community, caregivers, academicians and executives in the agency concerned. The results of the research were as follows: The study of the current situation and problems of organizing activities of healthy promotion for aging in Thailand found that the village still did have any aging healthy promotion model with the whole dimensions of aging development. Actually, there were some activities that people with any ages could participate but those activities had been stopped. In Japan found that the activities were healthy activity and social activities. The problem are there were no enough participants , no clear plan ed activities and no budget and stopped when the budget ran out.

The main aim of this paper to solve the economic dispatch problem (EDP). The objective of the EDP of electric power generation, whose characteristics are complex and highly non-linear, is to schedule the committed generating unit outputs so as to meet the required load demand at minimum operating cost while satisfying system constraints. Hence, for economic operation of the system, the total demand must be suitably shared among the generating units with an objective to minimize the total generation cost for the system. Economic Dispatch is a procedure to determine the electrical power to be generated by the Committed generating units in a power system so that the total generation cost of the system is minimized, while satisfying the load demand simultaneously. An clone optimization technique for solving the economic dispatch problem in a power system is very useful and gives accurate result compare to other classical method. The proposed technique implemented Clonal Selection algorithm with cloning, mutation and selection approaches. For solving economic load dispatch problem this approach was tested. For generating unit at varies loading condition, the feasibility of proposed technique was demonstrated on a system. The Artificial Immune System optimization technique with Reproduction Crossover and mutation has provided the best result in terms of cost minimization and least execution time.

In this work, the zinc oxide (ZnO) and dioxide titanium (TiO?) thin film were prepared by using the method of spry pyrolsis chemical with different thickness on glass substrate at temperature of 60º C. Thees different thickness of the deposited films were measured by using mass approximations weighting different method. The thickness for Tio? films are (3.1, 0.24, 0.12)?m and for ZnO films (3.5, 4)?m. The samples coated have been irradiated by gamma ray to 21.5 kGy dose from Co-60 source. The optical properties such as the absorbance spectrum, transmittance, reflectance, and optical constant (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refraction index and coefficient finesse with different thickness as function wave length of films but energy gap and urbach energy as function photon energy) were studied before and after irradiation dose. From experimental work show that the color of these films were changed after irradiated, at the result all optical properties spectra thin films changed with different thicknesses. The absorption, reflectance absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, coefficient finesse are increases after irradiation but the transmission, urbach energy and energy gap decreases after dose for all thicness of TiO2 films. Whereas absorption and absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient increases after irradiation for thiknsss of ZnO thin films but reflectance, transmission, refractive index, coefficient finesse urbach energy and energy gap decreases after dose for Zno. These effect of optical properties may be due to change of structure properties for Tio2, Zno thin films after irradiated.

Field experiments were conducted during kharif seasons of 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the effect of integrated nitrogen management nutrient uptake, quality, economics and soil fertility of pearlmillet under rainfed conditions. Applications of 50% RDN through FYM + 50% through urea, 80% RDN through vermicompost + 20% through urea and 25% RDN through FYM + 75% through urea were found the most superior and equally effective treatments in terms of total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, protein content in grain, grain yield, net returns and B:C ratio. Significantly, higher total uptake of nitrogen (66.73 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.48 kg/ha) and potassium (97.16 kg/ha), protein content in grain (11.83%), grain yield (2.22 t/ha) net returns ( 11169/ha) and B:C ratio (1.95) were recorded where 50% RDN through FYM + 50% through urea was applied. Whereas, application of 100% RDN through FYM was proved most superior treatment for improvement in post experiment soil fertility by increased soil organic carbon, N, P and K content

This study presents an experimental investigation on self-compacting concrete with two mineral admixtures such as silica fume and fly ash. With low water-binder ratio, we had achieved higher grade of self-compacting concrete. The water-binder ratio was maintained to 0.36 for all the SCC mixes. This research includes the following studies: (i) Develop a suitable design mix for SCC that would satisfies all the acceptance criteria of EFNARC (ii) A study has been made for the rheology properties of SCC.The main requirements of fresh properties of SCC are filling ability, passing ability, and high segregation resistance, which can be investigated by slump flow, T50 slump flow, J ring, V-funnel, L box test. (iii) concrete samples were casted and tested for its compressive strength and Young’s modulus. The results show that SCC with 10% of SF gives higher values of compressive strength than those with 15% of FA.

This study focuses on some environmental effect of gas flaring on both soil pH and pH value of rain water in River State, Nigeria. Samples at different proximities from the gas flare locations were recorded. Measurements and experimentations were carried out. Parameters studied at each location included Rain-water pH and soil pH measurement. Result shows a trend as all the parameters considered showed a clear difference away from the flare point in all the stations such as the pH changing from Extreme acid (3.6 - 4.5) to Moderately alkaline (7.9 - 8.5) away from the flare points. The values of all parameters under investigation were above acceptable limit. These show clearly that the inhabitants of these communities are highly polluted. This research recommends that gas flaring should be stopped and that the flared gas should be channeled to meeting the ever increasing demand for energy in the Nigerian sector economy and Nigeria should embrace environmental laws and policies in order to adapt to the changing environment.