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The present study aimed to map irrigable lands in Bugesera Agro Ecological Zone (AEZ) in the Eastern Province of Rwanda, using spatial information’s. The related Concerns were to determine the suitable area for irrigation that can include all different parameters which influence irrigation. The methodological approach consisted of processing Aster Landsat and DEM; gathered by Radar Satellite acquired at CGIS/NUR, using appropriate packages-software ILWIS 3.3, Erdas8.7 and ArcGIS 9.2. Satellite image was used to determine land use and land cover classification of the study area and the DEM to determine slope classification. The results showed maps that are describing different type of layers classified according to purpose of irrigation, slope, water proximity, percentage of clay and sand and type of land use. Those maps helped to produce a model design that conducts us to determine the most suitable area for irrigation. The model designed would be used as a planning tool to optimize agriculture in the Eastern Region of Rwanda.

Studies on the physico-chemical properties and selected heavy metal profiles namely; Temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Turbidity, hardness, Nitrate (NO-3), Chloride (Cl-), salinity and Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn) in the water of Woji Creek respectively were investigated. Samples of the water were collected from five sampling stations along the creek on a monthly basis, for twelve months (October, 2012-September, 2013). Water samples were collected at 4-5cm depth below the water surface using clean, well-labelled 50cl plastic bottles and taken to the laboratory for further analysis. The metals in the water were extracted and their concentrations determined by flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, (AAS). The mean total values for the physico-chemistry were as follows: Temperature 28.1±0.140C, pH 6.95±0.01, DO 2.72±0.1, TSS 8.23±0.81,TDS 5432.027±401.23, Turbidity 6.042±0.0.20, hardness 4158.40±342.80, Nitrate 4.268±0.40, Chloride 8790.143±693.38 and Salinity 7.36±0.30. The mean total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and chloride levels were very high and above the permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The mean total values for TDS, hardness and chloride were 5432.027mg/l, 4158.400mg/l and 8790.143mg/l respectively. The mean total Dissolved Oxygen (DO) level (2.720mg/l) was low and well below the permissible limits according to WHO. The mean total concentrations of Cd (0.002mg/l), Mn(0.026mg/l), Ni(0.059mg/l) and Zn(0.009mg/l) in the water were within the permissible limits as recommended by Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA)(1991) and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, (USEPA) (1986), while those of Cr(0.408mg/l) and Pb (0.163mg/l) were higher than the permissible limits. The presence of these pollutants in the water indicates that the water is polluted and under stress. Fish from this creek are therefore not very safe for human consumption. Bioremediation and regular monitoring of the water body in order to restore and maintain the water quality of the creek and ensure the safety of the organisms for human consumption is recommended.

Conducting films of ±10 camphorsulfonic acid (CSA)-doped polyaniline / polyimide (PANI/PI) blends with various compositions were prepared by solvent casting process. The molecular level interaction in these blend films were experimentally characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, UV-Vis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopic techniques. The interacting structure and observed red shift confirm the presence of hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group of PI with the amine of PANI that affects the optical band gap (Eg), electrical conductivity (?) as well as the morphology of the blends. The disappearance of the characteristic peaks of PANI-CSA after blends with PI suggests some kind of molecular mixing between the two components and compatibility between the conducting and non-conducting polymers.

Thin films of tin disulphide on glass substrates were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique using precursor solutions of SnCl2.2H2O (0.04 M) and n-n dimethyl thiourea (0.02 M - 0.12 M) at different precursor concentration ratios varied in the range 1:0.5 – 1:3, keeping other deposition parameters are constant. The films are found to be n type electrical conduction using hot probe technique. X ray diffraction analysis revealed the polycrystalline nature of tin disulphide thin film with hexagonal structure and a preferential orientation along (002) plane. The size of the tin disulphide crystallites was determined using the Full Width at Half Maximum values of Bragg peaks. The surface morphology had been observed on the surface of these films using scanning electron microscope. The optical absorption and transmittance have been recorded for the films in the wavelength range 400 - 800 nm. From the analysis of the absorption region data both allowed and forbidden optical transition nature was determined for the films in the above wavelength range. The electrical resistivity values in dark and light were determined with respect to the precursor concentration ratio.

Presently a stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Sitagliptin Phosphate monohydrate in pharmaceutical dosage forms . A 0.1 M KH2 PO4 solution was used as the buffer solution .Buffer and acetonitrile were mixed in the ratio 50:50 ,the resulting solution was sonicated to dissolve and degassed by vacuum filtration through 0.4 µ membrane filter and the resulting solution was used as mobile phase and diluent. Chromatograms were recorded using Inertsil ODS, C18 ,150 mm x 4.6 mm , 5 µ column at a temperature of 300 C with isocratic elusion .The detection wave length was 268 nm at a flow rate of 1.0 mL per minute .Each injection volume was 20 µL. The retention times for Sitagliptin Phosphate standard and sample were 3.613 and 3.618 min respectively. Linear calibration curve was obtained over the concentration range of 2.5 -15.0 µg /mL with a slope, intercept, Standard deviation and correlation coefficient of respectively 35792,10262,669649.4 and 0.999 respecively. The present method was validated as per ICH guidelines for Specificity, Linearity, Accuracy ,Precision, Ruggedness and found suitable for the determination of Sitagliptin Phosphate .The stability indicating studies under different stress conditions revealed that the drug was stable and the % of degradation of the drug was in the range 4.75 -11.57 % .The limit of detection was 61.74 µg-mL and limit of quantification was187.09 µg – mL . The present method was rapid and sensitive for the determination of Sitagliptin Phosphate monohydrate.

In general we can say that today the knowledge of citizens' rights in the areas of human and social relations are very important and in one way include a key factor for the continuation of collective life in the modern and risky world. In this regard students as one of the most influential elements in the process of development in any society are always noticeable.so, it seems, to investigate the awareness of citizenship among students is important and necessary, so that we can identify the strategies of promote understanding and strengthen the awareness of civil rights among them and eliminate its obstacles. According to this, this study investigates the relationship between awareness of civil rights with social behavior of students of Persian Gulf University. The research method of is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this research included all the students of Persian Gulf University of Bushehr to 5,000 students that according to Morgan table 357 students have been chosen for sample.Measuring tools, including questionnaires of civil rights and social behavior that the amount of the total scale Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the variables 82.0 citizenship and social behavior obtained87/0.Measuring instruments including civil rights and social behavior that the amount of Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the total scale for the variables of citizenship rights obtained82/0 andsocialbehavior87/0. The results of research showed that there is a significant relationship between the awareness of civil citizenship and social behavior of Persian Gulf University .subsequent regression analysis showed that significant predictors of civic and social dimension to social behavior. The results of regression analysis showed that the civic and social dimension are significant predictors to social behavior.

Technical efficiency is a prerequisite for allocative or economic efficiency. Economic efficiency is achieved if the highest possible level of satisfaction is obtained from given resources. The level of technical efficiency of a particular firm is characterised by the relationship between observed production and some ideal or potential production. The moringa plant (Moringa oleifera) is known worldwide for its nutritional and medicinal benefits and industrial uses. Almost every part of the moringa plant has nutritional value. Specifically, the study estimated the profitability of moringa production in the study area, the productivity of the factors involved in moringa production as well as the technical efficiency (TE) of moringa production in the state. The area covered by this study is Isokan Local Government Area of Osun state from which six villages were randomly selected. The town and villages are Olugbin, Aiyepe, Faaru, Alapomu, Sunkade, Maun Kongo. The descriptive analysis and stochastic frontier analysis were used. Farmers can increase their efficiency level if they can source their inputs and information needed in farming directly from Osun State Agricultural Development project and if an entrepreneurial class of people are also well motivated and trained to employ an appropriate inputs use combination pattern in order to achieve the highest possible level of production from given resources which will lead to high level of efficiency.

The formal-logical analysis of the Boltzmann distribution on the basis of probability theory and Gibbs quantum canonical distribution is proposed. It is shown that the Boltzmann distribution function is neither a reliable result of probability theory nor a consequence of Gibbs quantum canonical distribution. Conclusion is that the Boltzmann distribution function has no statistical and physical meaning, and the concept “Boltzmann distribution” should be abolished.

The right to defend is one of the most sacred rights of human which guarantees rights and freedoms of individuals. In fact, recognition of the right to defend for society members against infringing their rights and freedoms is very necessary. Because the right to defend in its deep and expanded concept means "applying the reasoning ability and power of words by using legal instruments to eliminate attributed accusation in the presence of the judicial authorities". Maintaining social order and defending the society rights is limited and balanced with protecting the rights of the accused ,so the defense of the interests of society shouldn't be led to ignorance of the rights of the accused. When a person is charged with a crime, he is in danger of being deprived of freedom and he may sustain other prohibitions . Nowadays the defense rights of accused are one of the important principles of fair trial, as well as, in international and regional documents the rules and regulations of the country are considered and supported. This right has also been taken into consideration in Iranian laws and the charter of International Criminal Court . Therefore, this study includes studying the defense right of the accused in system of criminal justice in Iran and the International Criminal Court. In this study the needed data is collected by using documentary processes and scientific resources .The results of this study show that in criminal justice system and criminal courts in Iran, the cases of right to compensate the losses of illegal arrestment , right to enjoy adequate time and facilities to prepare the defense, right to be informed the charges, the right to have interpreter, the presumption of innocence, the right to defend personally or through an attorney, investigator 's avoidance of compulsory confessions have been considered.

The present study set out to explore the effect of an instructional strategies; i.e. explicit web based teaching on developing Iranian upper-intermediate level learners’ pragmatic knowledge of the speech act of thanking. To fulfill this objective, 60 freshmen undergraduate students of Tonekabon Islamic Azad university were selected based on an OPT test. Participants in the study were randomly divided into two groups of explicit and implicit instruction. A newly developed DCT was administered to test both groups' pragmatic knowledge of speech act of thanking. the reliability was obtained through the K-R21 reliability formula. Then the treatment started. The explicit group practice learning speech act of thanking through www.iles.umn.edu/introspeechacts website, and the implicit group start learning it through videos and other authentic materials. Another researcher made DCT was given to explore any probable improvements on their pragmatic knowledge. T- test was used to see whether there was a significant difference between two groups regarding these two strategies. The results proved superiority of the explicit web-based teaching over the implicit teaching .