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We explore an alternate approach to the origin of primordial fluctuations using extra dimensions. A non-inflationary cosmology is considered, with the evolution of 4 + d dimensions from the initial singularity. The extra dimensions evolve more rapidly than the ordinary space and reach their maximum volume in a short interval of time, at the end of which they get stabilized. Due to random interactions between the bulk and the brane, the entropy may be sucked from the normal space. These interactions occur only for a short interval of time and hence only a small amount of entropy is consumed. An approximate equation which describes the decrease in entropy, in a region of normal space, is constructed. Finally, this violation of law of entropy is related to the increase in density of that region of space by simple thermodynamic considerations. This process occurs randomly in different regions of normal space generating the primordial fluctuations in density, which grow over time and eventually become the universe we see today.

Semiconducting materials in thin film form are of great interest due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties towards optical and optoelectronic device applications. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the well-known II-VI group wide-band gap semiconductor which shows the wide range of applications such as optical filters, short wavelength emission, transparent conducting, laser diodes and intense luminescence applications etc.,. In the present work the ZnO thin film was fabricated on well cleaned glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique and the structural, surface and optical properties were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy at room temperature. Structural parameters such as crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density were calculated by using Scherrer’s formula. The applicability of the spray deposited ZnO thin film towards window material in solar cell application are presented and discussed in the present work.

Formaldehyde (CH2O) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) emission from the waste wood combustion plan recognized as one of the major cause of degrading air quality. In this research, we present the obtained result from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration generated by wood combustion plants at three cities, Iksan, Gunsan and Asan, South Koreawhich are represents some of the industry leaders in region. Totally six points were selected around the combustion power plants to provide data on the areas within zones and agglomerations where the highest and lowest concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde occur during the sampling day. High performance liquid chromatography analyzer (HPLC) was used to measure the aldehydes values in the collected samples. The average emission of CH2O calculated on the basis emission in sampling day have been found 5.9 at Iksan , 3.32 in Gunsan and 3.62 ppb in Asan while the CH3CHO value as measured 2.82, 1.44 and 1.91ppb.

Functional properties and anti-nutritional factors of five wild seeds (Borassus aethiopum, Bombacopsis glabra, Entada africana, Entada gigas and Myrianthus arboreus) were carried out using standard methods. Functional properties of` the flour showed that the least gelation concentration for B. aethiopum, B. glabra, E. africana and M. arboreus were 10%, 6% 6% and 18% respectively. E. gigas flour however did not gel at 20%. B. aethiopum had the least foaming capacity 1.85% while B. glabra had the highest 27.27 %. Water absorption capacity ranged between 3.00% in M. arboreus and 30.0% in E. africana. Oil absorption capacity was between 13.00 % in M. arboreus and 22.00% in E. africana. Protein solubility increased with increase in pH in acidic medium and reached the peak at pH 7 (E africana exempted) before solubility began to decrease with further increase in pH at alkaline medium. Antinutrient content showed that saponin ranged between 0.29% in E .africana and 0.42% in B. glabra. Phytate was between 0.14mg/g in E. africana and 6.56mg/g in E. gigas. E. gigas had tannin content of 0.45mg/g, while M. arboreus had 4.87mg/g , B. aethiopum had the lowest oxalate 2.25mg/g while M. arboreus had the highest of 7.19mg/g.

Using fuzzy logic controller automatic braking system for automobiles is proposed. The response of the system will be simulated by using Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB. The purpose of this controller is to brake a car when the car approaches for an obstacle at a specific range. For this, the Fuzzy Logic Controller is design using the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox in MATLAB. The system uses six rules and three membership function. The two parameters such as distance and speed will be observed. Output of the controller will determine the force of the car brake. Then PIC microcontroller is used to control servo motor based on detection pulse information to push pedal brake to brake the car and reduce the speed to maintain the safety distance between the front vehicles.

Titanium workpiece has been machined by Electrochemical Machining in 5.0 M NaCl electrolyte. Dependence of material removal rate on current densities has been determined and compared with theoretical values. It is interesting to note that the dissolution valence decreases with increase in current density. The electrochemical reactions occurring at cathode & anode have also studied .The Electrochemical machining parameters are optimized for maximum material removal rate and better surface finish.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of mortality all over the world. Smokeless tobacco contains higher quantities of nicotine than most cigarettes. Over the past few decades the use of tobacco among women of reproductive ages has increased. Exposure to the toxins present in the tobacco interferes with the endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis and uterine blood flow. 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10 each). Group A was kept as control. Experimental groups B&C consisted of rats which were given 5 % & 10% of smokeless tobacco in their feed respectively. Feed and water were given ad libitum. On 31stday the animals were sacrificed. Uterus of all the animals were removed and weighed. The tissues were processed for histological examination under light microscopy using H & E and Trichrome stains. A significant decrease in the weight of the uterus was observed (P value ? 0.001). The histological changes in the uterus of experimental groups revealed severe cystically dilated sub mucosal glands. Endometrial glands also showed marked atrophy (P value ? 0.001). From this study it can be concluded that the smokeless form of tobacco causes adverse effects on the endometrium of the female Swiss albino rats. Long term use of this form of tobacco may lead to adverse reproductive outcomes or other pathological conditions of uterus.

This paper provides analysis of household characteristics based on micro-level household data of 2004-05 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) Islamabad. The cross tabulation analysis of household characteristics and homeownership shows that homeowners as compared to renters are in a better living condition. They have a better quality of houses as well as number of rooms for living is greater than those of non-homeowners are. Electricity connection as a quality indicator for homeownership is the most common utility whereas gas and telephone is the least common. It is also seen that there is no significant difference between renters and homeowners in regard to type of toilets available in houses. In all three areas urban, rural and overall Pakistan, homeownership rate increases as age increases. The analysis shows weak relationship between educational level of household head and homeownership rates. The occupation of the household head has no significant effect on homeownership rate. The households headed by divorced and widowed heads have higher rates of homeownership as compared to the other two categories (currently married and never married).

The biggest challenge for the banking industry is to tangibilize the intangible banking experience. One way of overcoming this challenge is creation of strong brands. In a highly competitive marketing environment, brands are regarded as an important source of capital. The contribution of brands has been appreciated in enhancing the market value of firms and hence this necessitates valuing them. The market value of firm can be determined by its market capitalization. Market Capitalization (Market Cap) quantifies business value on the basis of share price and number of shares outstanding. It generally reflects the market's view of a firm’s stock value. The current study examined the relationship between brand value and market performance of banks by using the market capitalization of global bank brands to test whether strong brands outperform the market. A bank is considered a brand if it is included in the annually published Brand finance Top 100 Brands ranking list. The sampling frame constituted the 100 best global bank brands listed by Brand Finance, a leading brand valuation agency. The data of Brand value and market capitalization was collected from the report of Brand Finance Banking 500 published in 2013. Correlation and Regression analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between branding and market capitalization. It is concluded that Brand value has significant impact on market capitalization of banks. Market Cap is indispensable in banking business because it is an effective measure to transmit information to the investors about the stock volatility.

The Madarsa system of education has been an important institution for education in India. However, the relevance of the system to import education as per the changing needs of the society has been still a debate topic in India. The majority of the Muslim girls are illiterate and low educated while their living conditions are poor. Moreover, most of the Muslim families cannot afford modern education and thus they are forced to send their wards to traditional educational institutions where fee charges are normal or free education is being provided. Which also correlates imdirectly to their quality of life. The government has realize the weakness of the system in terms of expediently to provide education to Muslim children which relevant from day to day needs of the society as result government has initiative Madrasa modernization programme. Many Scholorship and fellowship programmes have been redesigned to bring it at par with mainstream educational system in the country. Scholarships to the students of Madrasas are being provided to enhance their goodself. In the light of these facts the present study is designed to explore the impact of financial aid as scholarships on educational attainment & quality of life amongst muslim adolescent girls in Madrasas. The present study is empirical in nature and based on mainly primary data. The field survey has been conducted in 3 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The sample covers Gonda, Rampur and Aligarh districts from Uttar Pradesh. In each Institution 15 scholarship awarded students have been randomly selected and interviewed. The sample size includes 3 districts, 20 Institutions and 300 adolescent girls. Our survey highlights that the scholarships significantly affect the educational attainment and their quality of life. Government tried their best to enhance the educational standard of Muslim girls. For this purpose government initiated scholarship programmes to uplift the status of Muslim adolescent girls in the society.