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The present research is aimed to discover the skeletal and social measures and principles affecting the formation of collective memories in urban designing and to scrutinize and examine them compared to Shemiranat Gateway. In old cities, the gateways were considered as a place for passage but by emersion of modernity, progress of technology, increase in the speed of human beings’ movement, ease of access and development of communications, and replacing the old transportation vehicles by new automobiles, the form and shape of the cities and towns, too, underwent remarkable changes. The change in the skeleton of the cities caused some functions such as the gateways to be forgotten and lose their spatial concept, so new concepts emerged proportionate to the needs of the modern cities. The city’s entrance point was replaced by the suburban areas; and the middle space between the inside and outside of the city was expanded so much that it went beyond the human perception. But the concept of passage still remained in the minds and the difference between “here” and “there” didn’t fade despite the change in the concept of distance compared to its old form. By breakdown of the hedges, the skeleton of the city entrances and gateways have changed but their location still reminds the citizens’ collective memories and can provoke the people’s memories. The method of the present research is based on logical reasoning which, first, introduces the urban space and middle spaces and recognizes their relationship through the documentary studies and, then, extracts the measures and factors which affect the formation and maintenance of the collective memories on the city’s entrance area with regard to the existing challenges in any area; it ultimately suggests solutions, appropriate to the 21st century human’s needs, under three issues, that is passage, presence, and crisis management, in order to reinforce the above-mentioned factors.

The present study focused on Chomsky's pr-drop parameter theory (1981). Based on Chomsky's theory, there is a pro-drop parameter which is "true" in Farsi and "false" in English. Such parameters describe all languages world-wide. Knowledge of these parameters can help people understand other languages. To achieve the objectives of this study, first, pro-drop parameter was introduced and its characteristics were discussed. Having presented some examples the researchers compared English and Farsi languages. Findings revealed that some errors committed by Iranian English language learners can be due to this parameter.

The problem of generating bivariate life distributions from univariate ones is drawing the attention of the reliability analysts for quite long. Several approaches have been developed for generalizing univariate laws. Amongst those approaches, the characterization approach and the modeling approach are very appealing. Here Bivariate Inverse Exponential Distribution is used in the application part. This study aims to test the hypothesis that moderate exercise training combined with caloric restriction would produce significant menstrual disturbances and alterations in ovarian steroids in premenopausal women. Sedentary premenopausal women (25 –40 years; body mass index: 23.6±0.6 kg/m2 ) assigned to either a light conditioning (LC, n = 9) or an exercise combined with caloric restriction group (EX + CR, n = 24) were studied for one screening, one baseline and four intervention periods equivalent to the length of subjects’ menstrual cycles. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that a moderate aerobic exercise training program combined with modest weight loss in accordance with recommended guidelines produces significant reductions in ovarian steroid exposure without disrupting menstrual cyclicity in premenopausal women of advanced gynecological age.

Abuse often become an issue that most fretted by parents. Practically, every certain day the news of innocent little children being victims of child abuse. However, many parent an unconscious that they often abuse their children. Abusing definitely suspected using force hit or bellowed at children. This reading is carried out in order to determine how an unconscious many parents had committed quiet abuse on their children. This study emphasizes the quiet abuse can kill emotional intelligence and self-esteem of children.

Reading is one of the most important skills in second language learning. This is especially true at the tertiary level because it secures success in academic learning and facilitates in other parts of language learning (Carrell, 1989). However, teaching reading is somewhat complicated as reading is an intricate and complex cognitive process itself. In Malaysia, the issue of non-proficient graduates in the English language is continually being debated, which implies that the students are not well-prepared to cope with academic literacy (David & Govindasamy, 2006; Pandian, 2000). Along the same line, a growing body of research suggests that the beliefs, attitudes, expectations and perceptions of pre-service teachers should be highly addressed (Pajares, 1992; Young, 1998; Kagan, 1992). Thus, the present study seeks to explore the self-perceptions of the undergraduates of a Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) program, as readers and also as future teachers of ESL reading. It is hoped that through this study, a better understanding of the perceptions can be obtained so as to increase the quality of new teachers entering the world of teaching. It is assumed that those students who possess positive self-perceptions as readers will also have positive self-perceptions to become reading teachers.

The present study aimed at providing a comparison of General English Course Books used at universities in Iran which are designed by different authors (Iranian and foreigner) from critical thinking perspective. To this end, a retrospective evaluation was designed to examine the reading comprehension questions of 2 selected General English Course Books in terms of the degree to which they foster critical thinking. To accomplish the objectives of the study, firstly one of the top universities of Iran (Isfahan University) was selected; next 2 of the most frequent General English Course Books which were taught in the university were chosen, one of the books with foreign author and designer and another one with Iranian author and designer. Then, reading comprehension questions of all units of the CBs were analyzed based on Facione‘s (2011) critical thinking model (consisting of 6 features); then, the data were analyzed and occurrence percentage of each feature was calculated in each CB. The results revealed the representation of critical thinking features of Facion‘s (2011) model and the extent to which the Course Books matched the criteria in fostering critical thinking. The findings of the study seem to suggest that Iranian university students could not be expected to become critical thinkers through the study of such course books. And also the results show the difference between CBs with foreign and Iranian designers in the representation of critical thinking.

The system of caste is said to have originated in India though the exact origin of caste system cannot be traced. The records of Indo Aryan Culture contains its first mention. According to Dr. Muzumdar the caste system took its birth after the arrival of Aryans in India. In order to maintain their separate existence the Indo-Aryans used for certain groups and orders of people the favourite word ‘Varna” and ‘Colour’. Of the relation subsisting between four classes-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vis and Sudra-Brahmin is definitely said to be superior to Kshatriya.

This study examines stereotypical representations and roles of women in action movie posters across three eras of Hollywood. Adopting a semiotic approach, the research analyzed 30 movie posters from 1930 to 2012 with the following objectives: i) to examine the visual representation of women in movie posters, ii) to investigate gender bias in titles and taglines of movie posters, and iii) to show the shift in the representations and roles of women in movie posters. Findings showed four major role categories: lover, damsel in distress, sex object, and heroine. Lovers were both centralized and marginalized in posters across three eras. The submissive lovers of the classical period transformed into multifaceted characters in the post-classical posters when they wielded guns or were juxtaposed with outlaws. Damsels in distress were backgrounded through reduced image sizes, gloomy colors, and long shots in the classical and post-classical posters. A shift came about when new Hollywood featured woman and her rescuer in close shots. Women’s nudity was obscured through use of unnatural colors, small sizes, and public shots in the post-classical era. In the new era, heroines were given weapons to indicate their physical prowess. Though female characters were given equal space with male heroes, they were still placed at a subordinate classification level. Movie titles and taglines mainly referred to male heroes’ missions or actions and women’s villainy, besides other themes such as racial conflicts or war.

Satellite images are used to extract linear features, like roads, etc. The extraction of linear features or boundaries defining the extents of lands, land covers features are important in Cadastral Surveying. Cadastral Surveying is the cornerstone of any Cadastral System. A two dimensional cadastral plan is a model which represents both the cadastral and geometrical information of a two dimensional labeled Image. This paper aims at using a combination of canny and morphological operations for extracting representations of cadastral boundaries from high resolution Satellite imagery hence minimizing the human interventions. The Satellite imagery is initially rectified hence establishing the satellite imagery in the correct orientation and spatial location for further analysis. We, then employ the much available Satellite imagery to segment the relevant cadastral features using the above mentioned methods. We evaluate the potential of using high resolution Satellite imagery to achieve Cadastral goals of boundary detection and extraction of farmlands using image processing algorithms. This method proves effective as it minimizes the human demerits hence providing another perspective of achieving cadastral goals as emphasized by the UN cadastral vision for an improved socio economic development.

In the present study chemolithotrophs producing glycolic acid were isolated from unexplored low grade iron ore (magnetite quartzite) and Lignite mining sites mines of Kanjamalai hill and Neyveli respectively in India. A total of twenty nine soil and three rock samples were taken from different location and screened for sulfur and iron oxidizing chemolithotrophs. The soil samples were inoculated into medium containing ferrous sulphate at pH 2.0 and incubated for 3 days at 30?C. Thirty three isolates were screened to utilize ferrous sulphate. Among the thirty three isolates, thirteen isolates were Gram positive short rods and twenty were of pleomorphic forms. All the thirty three isolates were found to be spore-formers and non-motile. A rapid and simple spectrophotometric assay was done to screen the production of glycolic acid by these isolates. It was observed that all the thirty three isolates produced glycolic acid and a maximum of 0.11mg/mL was produced by KM13 isolate.