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In the modern commercial era, companies and their managers are subjected to well publicized pressure to play an increasingly active role in society – so called “Corporate social responsibility”. It has been argued that an element in this development is simply enlightened self-interest in that social responsibility enhances corporate image and financial performance. To date the evidence to support this thesis derives from North America. Outside this continent evidence for any relationship is sparse. This study will initially attempt to definethe concept of corporate social responsibility and to examine its guiding principles. Subsequently, the available empirical research into the link between corporate social responsibility and economic performance will be evaluated this study examines different impacts of positive and negative CSR activities on financial performance of hotel, restaurant and airline companies, theoretically based on positivity and negativity effects. Findings suggest mixed results across different industries and will contribute to companies’ appropriate strategic decision-making for CSR activities by providing more precise information regarding the impacts of each directional CSR activity on financial performance.

In this research, we can try to analyze policy making process from politic point of view, and we treated with define politics, operational principle of politics, politic parties, power and it is resources, beneficiary groups, origin of nominee group’s formation and it’s concluded that policy making is a political process. And in another words, policy making before being a weighty and logical choosing, is result of power action and political business.

Despite the existence of several service quality models that have attempted to predict customer satisfaction in relation to service quality in various services, empirical studies applied to service settings in selected developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, have proven beyond any doubt that the orthodox SERVQUAL, SERVPERF, and Human-Societal Element (HSE) models not only do not apply to developing countries’ settings, but also give misleading and distorted indicators of the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in these developing countries. Thus, the major objective of the current exploratory study is to investigate and pinpoint the reasons that make the orthodox models of service quality inapplicable in the context of developing counties, and to suggest ways and means of developing a service quality model that is oriented to the unique cultural, social, and psychological aspects of customers in the developing countries. This proposed specific model may enable organizations in the Third World to be in a better position to predict customer satisfaction and loyalty with a high degree of accuracy, and formulate proper target marketing strategies in this direction.

Groundwater samples from the Ayensu Basin in the Central Region were investigated to ascertain the concentration of trace metals.  Twelve (12) trace metals were analysed in twenty nine (29) groundwater samples from the study area. Fe, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Hg, and Ag were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) whiles Cu, Al, Mn and As were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation analysis (INAA). Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Hg, and Ag were found below detection limits of <0.002, <0.010, <0.010, <0.006, <0.001 and <0.002 respectively. The detectable trace metals measured mean concentrations in the order; Fe (1.136±0.336 mg/L) > Al (0.856±0.459 mg/L) > Cu (0.382±0.379 mg/L) > As (0.287±0.232 mg/L) > Mn (0.269±0.212 mg/L) > Zn(0.090±0.080 mg/L). Mean concentrations of Al, As and Fe exceeded the WHO limits of 0.2 mg/l, 0.01 mg/l and 0.3 mg/l for drinking water. The trace metals concentrations were found to be generally low and therefore the groundwater from the localities are suitable for domestic use.

Stable isotopes of ²H and ¹⁸O and physico-chemical data of groundwater and surface water from parts of the Ayensu Basin have been used to assess the origin of groundwater and the possible source of salinity in the groundwater. The pH of groundwaters ranges from 5.53-7.21; the groundwaters are between mildly acidic and slightly alkaline. Chloride concentration of the boreholes ranges between 49.985-399.876mg/L. The conductivity of groundwater samples also varied between 382-2140µS/cm while their total dissolved solids (TDS) varied between 164.9-913mg/L. The isotopic compositions of ? ¹⁸O versus ? ²H of the groundwaters plotted along the local meteoric water line indicating that the groundwaters do not undergo significant evaporation before recharge. The plot of ? ¹⁸O versus chloride indicates that processes for the increasing salinity could be due to enrichment by evaporation and possibly dissolution of soil salts. The study has also shown that the aquifers could be discontinuous.

At the age of thirty, Uzun Hasan took over Amed (Diyarbakir), the capital city of Ak Koynlu state and became the unrivaled ruler. He married his first wife at the age of fifteen; soon after, he married his second and third wives. His first wife was a Turcoman, the second was a Kurd and the third was a Christian. Each of the wives acted in accordance with the personalities, potentials, personal skills and the wills they possessed. The Turcoman queen or Seljuk Shah could not stand to lead a life away from the Ak Koynlu palace; thus she established a broad network of relations with the Ak Koynlu dignitaries and military leaders and also was an influential figure among the Ak Koynlu members. She was so skillful that she could easily gather Ak Koynlu family around herself. After her husband died, her role became even greater. Hasan’s Kurdish wife kept a low profile. Most of her decisions and wills were expressed by her son Ughrlu Mohammed. In factMohammed’s personality overshadowed his mother’s personality since she was not allowed to work within the palace. As for Hasan’s third wife, Dspina, the Christian, it is obvious that she married Hasan to protect Trabzon Empire ruled by her father. Then she started to influence Uzun Hasan to work against the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, she played an active role in building relations between Hasan and the West, particularly the Venetian Republic.

This paper presents the effective approach to harness electrical energy from the highways by means of vertical axis wind turbine. The wind turbine consists of stationary shaft which is mounted on the ball bearing on top and bottom end of the shaft. In addition, dynamo is connected to upper and lower part of the wind turbine. As the vehicles are moving at faster rate on two different directions in highways, the wind turbine, which is placed on the highways sides, is able to rotate effectively on its own axis in any of the direction. As a result, the large amount of electrical energy gets generated in both day and night time. This wind power generation is an alternative way for power generation instead of depleting non-renewable energy sources.

Abacavir (ABC) {(1S,4R)-4-[2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl] cyclopent-2-en-1-yl} methanol, is an antiretroviral medication which is used to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs from nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) a sub class of RTIs, which interrupt the virus to make copy of it. In this paper we reported the results of a systematic experimental IR and Raman study of Avacavir. Additionally the equilibrium geometry, harmonic vibrational frequency Raman and IR intensities were calculated using density function theory. Finally complete vibrational assignment of Abacavir is given for the observed Raman and Infrared spectra. The experimental and theoretical results are found to be in excellent agreement with each other. We believe that the results obtained herein will prove to be an excellent starting point for studying the detailed potential surface of the molecule which is needed to understand the drug receptor interactions.

The increase of Oxygen Deficit in rivers used for irrigating agricultural land, aquaculture and domestic purposes is of great concern to Nigerian watershed. To determine this effect along the Nworie river,suntex model TS-2 and Hanna HIDR 83200 for physiochemical and biological water quality analysis was conducted at three random locations namely: Amakohia bridge road where biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes are discharged; Assumpta, Holy Ghost college road where municipal waste and sewage are discharged into the river; and Umezurike Hospital road where household and medical wastes are discharged. Development of the Watershed Resources Management (WRM) for the river resulted in application of Galerkin’s Weighted residual (GWR) finite element model from the lab experimented results to determine the oxygen deficits at discharged nodes (points). The oxygen deficit results at the five discretized nodes were: 2.528, 2.498, 2.395, and 2.325 and 2.252mg/l respectively. The result in this research could be applied to watershed resources management for irrigation and public health engineers in predicting the effects of water pollution on downstream users,with minimally associated errors.

Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis that progress to terminal renal failure during the second decade (juvenile form) or before the age of 5 years (infantile form). In the juvenile form, a urine concentration defect starts during the first decade, and a progressive deterioration of renal function is observed in the following years. Kidney size may be normal, but loss of cortico-medullary differentiation is often observed, and cysts occur usually after patients have progressed to end-stage renal failure.