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The study focused on the marketing performance of Pterocarpus mildbreadii in Ibadan metropolis with a view to identify the socio-economic characteristics of marketers of P. mildbreadii, to estimate costs and returns from marketing of P. mildbreadii and to identify factors influencing the marketing of P. mildbreadii in the study area. The data for the study were collected through the use of structured questionnaires randomly administered to ninety (90) marketers of P. mildbreadii in six (6) selected markets. The result from the study revealed that women (80%) were mainly involved in the marketing of P. mildbreadii being their primary occupation with a higher percentage of the marketers earning above N20, 000 monthly. Profit margin analysis showed that the business is both feasible and viable with the marketing efficiency and rate of return on investment between 1.18-1.90 and 28%-75% respectively. However, marketing of P. mildbreadii in the study area was confronted with some challenges including transportation (52.22%), perishability (14.44%), seasonality (13.33%), poor storage facility (11.11%) and poor market structure (8.90%).

ABSTRACT Let be a fuzzy graph. Let be a subset of . is said to be a fuzzy metric basis of if for every pair of vertices , there exists a vertex such that The number of elements in is said to be fuzzy metric dimension (FMD) of and is denoted by . In this paper, we investigate the bounds for the fuzzy metric dimension of complete fuzzy graph and the bounds for total fuzzy star graph. Next we find the exact values of fuzzy metric dimension of Total graph of fuzzy path and fuzzy cycles and subdivision graph of fuzzy paths, fuzzy cycles and fuzzy star graph.

Although the mean of combine losses is about 4-5% in advanced countries, unfortunately in Iran is about 20% and higher. In order to obtain little loss it is necessary that product process such as cutting, convayting, threshing, separating, etc., would be optimized. Threshing is one of these processes which has more effect on combine performance. Reduction of MOG passing concave could reduce the load on shoes that would increase cleaning system efficiency and decrease foreign materials in the bin. In order to evaluate effecting parameters on MOG passing concave, experiments were conducted in 4×3×3 factorial pattern with Randomized Blocks design. Independent variables in this experiment were, stem height, feed rate, threshing clearance ratio and rotational speed of threshing cylinder. To offer an intelligent model to forecasting of MOG passing concave and evaluating of these parameters’ effects on MOG passing, Neurosolution was used. Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) network with four inputs and one output was used to analysise. Results showed that the amount of MOG passing concave had dependent to rotational velocity of threshing cylinder, stem height, feed rate and threshing clearance ratio, respectively. The amount of MOG passing has increased with reduction in stem height, feed rate, threshing clearance ratio and speed up of threshing cylinder.

Epivir is an anti HIV agent belonging to the class of nucleosides reverse transcriptase inhibitors. These drugs interrupt the virus to make copy of it. A systematic quantum chemical study and vibrational spectra of Epivir has been reported. Structure and spectral characteristic of Epivir have been studied using vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical methods. Density function theory calculations of optimized geometry and vibrational spectra have been carried out by Gaussian03, using 6-311G basis set and B3PW91 functional. Based on these results we have discussed the correlation between these vibrational modes and crystalline structure of Epivir. A complete analysis of experimental IR and Raman spectra has been reported on the basis of wave number of the vibrational bands. The IR and the Raman spectra of the molecule based on DFT calculations shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. The calculated HOMO, LUMO shows that the charge transfer takes place within the molecule.

Present investigation deals with the role of plankton indicators to assess the pollution status of the Yamuna river at Kalpi (U.P.). Pollution status of the river was assessed by employed Palmer’s Algal species Pollution Index. Samples were collected at four sampling sites on the Yamuna river for a period of one year in each month of every season. Samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and identification of recorded planktons with try to find correlation between them. 25 genera of phytoplankton, belonging four groups Chlorophyceae, Euglenophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae. and 16 genera of zooplankton belonging four groups Protozoa, Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda were recorded and identified. Recorded pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, T.D.S., PO4, B.O.D. and C.O.D. were beyond the drinking water limit of WHO while T.H., Cl, SO4 and NO3 were under the limit and D.O. was satisfactory to good condition. Presence of pollution indicator algal forms i.e, Euglena viridis, Oscillatoria limosa, O. tenuis, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Stigeoclonium tenue, Synedra ulna, Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Oscillatoria chlorina, Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella meneghiniana and presence of dominant Rotifer’s zooplankton population with Brachionus calyciflorus shows signs of organic pollution in studied water. Sampling site S4 was more polluted but S3 and S2 site was moderately polluted and S1 lack of organic pollution. In S4 sampling site pollution index score was high with high physico-chemical parameters.

Preparation of ZnO nanorod based natural dye-sensitized solar cell is reported. Seed layers were deposited on glass / ITO substrates using dip coating method with zinc acetate dihydrate as starting material. ZnO nanorods were fabricated on induced seeds by hydrothermal method using hexamethylenetetramine as a precipitant and zinc nitrate as source at 90°C. The crystal structure, orientation and surface morphology were investigated by X-Ray diffractometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy. Prepared ZnO nanorods were employed as wide band gap semiconductor to construct natural dye-sensitized solar cells. Various natural dyes, extracted from natural plants such as leaves and flowers were used as sensitizers for natural dye-sensitized solar cells. The fill factor and solar-light-to-electricity conversion efficiency were obtained.

Acute ischemic stroke is a major cause of long-term disability and the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. One of main parts of it pathogenesis is production of reactive oxygen species. The goal of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the new xanthine derivative B-YR-2 (hydrazide of 1,3-dimethyl-8-N-benzylaminoxanthinyl-7-acetic acid), which demonstrated high antioxidant qualities in vitro, in comparison with thiotriazoline, mexidol and citicoline.. Injection of B-YR-2 compound to the rats with experimental stroke had the most pronounced neuroprotective effect. B-YR-2 increased number of glial cells and neurons in the cerebral cortex and stimulated their morphofunctional activity.

The use of non edible oils blend in direct injection diesel engine shows its potential to reduce or control the NOx emissions. Combustion analysis of non edible and non edible blends revealed that the blends had a shorter ignition delay than diesel alone, at both full and light load, and a lower premixed burn fraction at full load. However, the diffusion burn rates were similar. The shorter ignition delay due to high cetane number of non edible oil blends has been suggested as being one of the causes of NOx increase the peak pressure and temperature increase in flame temperature in either pre mixed or diffusion burn has been followed by subsequent increase in NOx emission. This was due to reduction of carbonaceous soot concentration. The performance characteristics of an engine such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and engine torque were not much affected, up to a blend of 20% with neat diesel. The Co and particulate emissions were found to be decreasing with the % increase in blend with a subsequent increase of NOx. Thus the blending of fuel is being limited to 20% in majority of cases to obtain optimum performance and emission characteristics. This paper suggests about by using various types of non edible oils as fuel and blends directly in diesel engines by modifying properties by injecting or Trans-esterification.

Policy is a plan of action agreed or chosen by a people; a principle or framework adopted which influences their belief, actions, and operations. Out of 20 million people who suffer from the disease globally, an estimated 8million live in Nigeria. Onchocerciasis has been a public health problem in Nigeria for over three decades leading to disabilities and loss of person-hours with its negative consequences on health and the economy. This article examined the state of onchocerciasis policy in Nigeria since inception. Continuous review and improvement on government policies, strategies, and programmes is a positive step towards attaining a Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) free world.

We report herein the use of Nickel acetyl acetonate [Ni(acac)₂] as a new catalyst for the one-pot Biginelli reaction coupling of ?-ketoester, aldehydes and urea (or thiourea) to afford the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones/thiones.