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This paper discusses the performance characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine using lean coconut biodiesel blended with diesel fuel. The experiments were carried out for the various biodiesel-diesel blends i.e., B5, B10, B15, and B20. Results were compared with the neat diesel. The blended biodiesel is being injected to cylinder and tested up to 20% blended biodiesel. The experiment ensures that up to 20% biodiesel blended with diesel can be used without any modification in the diesel engine and enhancement of combustion, FC, BSFC, efficiency and the overall performance of the engine.

The agro hydrological model SWAP3.03 was used for two wheat crops, cultivars “Ghods” and “Rowshan” under different irrigation regimes. The field study was conducted during 2005-2006 growing season in the Research Field of Birjand University. Different qualities of irrigation water (namely 1.4, 4.5 and 9.6 dS/m) obtained from three local wells were used in a factorial plot design with four levels of water depths (namely, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc). The model was initially calibrated with respect to the winter wheat crop coefficients, based on a study in the province of S. Khorasan. The simulated values fitted well the trend of actual crop production for various amounts and qualities of irrigation water. Maximum yield was obtained for a deficit irrigation of 75% ETc with the best water quality, that of 1.4 (dS/m). Results also showed that different levels of water and salinity stress would affect crop production. The correlation coefficients between the simulated and actual crop production were 0.72 for “Ghods” and 0.83 for “Rowshan”, both statistically significant at 1% level. As compared to the actual yield, the Average simulated yield was 15% higher for “Ghods” and 10% lower for “Rowshan”. A t-test showed that such deviation between simulated and observed values were not lower than required for significant differences. The results of this study, therefore, show that SWAP3.03 model is a useful tool to estimate wheat production under different levels of water and salinity stress.

The concept of Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) has been successfully used as a diagnostic technique to detect winding deformation, core and clamping structure for power transformers. The main problem about FRA techniques is to interpret the observed evolution of the frequency response in order to identify failures. Transformer high frequency computer modeling is proposed in this work to be used with the practical FRA measurements. The physical meaning of the model parameters allows the identification of the problem inside the transformer. Two high frequency transformer models based on lumped and distributed parameters approaches are investigated. A comparison of both models is conducted using their transfer function plots, and hence based on the amount of information revealed from the plots, a distributed model is chosen for further analysis. The model validation is carried out through the comparison of the simulation and field results. Mechanical and short circuit faults are simulated into the model to compare the differences in the frequency response of healthy and deformed transformer signatures. The advantage of this technique is that the FRA measurements can be obtained from meaningful parameters that can aid interpretation and classification of FRA signatures.

This article is a comprehensive study to find out the maximum age group victims of certain diseases due to the usage of pesticide Endosulfan people in South Indian State of Kerala (Palakkad and Kasargod) using CETD matrix. In the year 2003 W.B.Vasantha used to study migrant labours who were affected by HIV/AIDS. For this paper the data have been collected from Palakkad and Kasargod District of Kerala covering 101 victims.

Let G = (V,E) be a simple graph. A set S ? V is a dominating set of G, if every vertex in V? S is adjacent to atleast one vertex S. Let Dg(Pn, i) be the family of geodetic dominating sets of the graph Pn with cardinality 'i'. Let dg(Pn, i) = | Dg(Pn, i)|. In this paper, we obtain a recursive for dg(Pn, i). Using the recursive formula, we construct the polynomial, Dg(Pn,x) = xi which we call geodetic dominating polynomial of Pn and obtain some properties of this polynomial.

The aim of the study was to assess the anxiety, social skills and coping skills of underprivileged children. The objective was to undergo transformation for better adaptability with self and environment by integrating thoughts, feelings and behavior through art. These children were in the age of M- 10.6 years, SD-0.5 and education M-15.06 years, SD- 0.45, from a village in Kharagpur, West Bengal, India. Intellectual functioning of these children was below average in vernacular system of education in their area. Gestalt therapy was applied through art and creative activities to reduce anxiety of children and increase their social and coping skills. In the Experimental group 15 boys and girls were exposed to Gestalt therapy for three months thrice a week. The control group was seen once in a week for the same period which also consisted of 15 boys and girls. Pre and post measures were assessed on Paediatric Anxiety Rating Scale, Social Skills Form and Children’s Coping Behaviour Questionnaire for the assessment of their, anxiety, social and coping skills respectively. Parents and teachers were also involved in the process of assessment and evaluation. Intellectual functioning was assessed through Standard Progressive Matrices. Outcome variables of Paediatric Anxiety Rating Scale suggested reduction in their anxiety and increase in verbal pragmatics and social behaviour following diminution of fear and avoidance as per findings on Social Skills Form. Children’s ameliorative coping augmented than destructive coping in their day to day life. The results showed an improvement in the level of severity of anxiety symptoms and coping strategies – problem solving. The severity of anxiety symptoms showed a decrease by 35%.The coping skills – problem solving improved by 25%.

The main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the role of interaction and its features (asking for agreement, prompting elaboration, paraphrasing, sharing) in a test of oral proficiency. To this end, 80 Iranian intermediate students (16-18 years old) participate in two tests of oral proficiency: one in which the participants do not interact with one another (individual format), and the other interact with a group of 5 members (group format). In the upshot, SPSS version 19 is run to analyze the collected data. The results reveal that test-takers performance differed significantly when they interact with one another. It is, also, shown that features of interaction affect the students’ fluency, accuracy, comprehension, and use of English differently. Key words: group interaction, oral proficiency testing, fluency, accuracy, comprehension, use of English

Triglycine Sulphate (TGS) is an important material used in the fabrication of high sensitivity infrared detectors at room temperature. Single crystals of TGS were grown by solution method with slow evaporation and water as solvent at room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by XRD analysis. It is found to exhibit monoclinic structure with the space group P21. The chemical composition of triglycine sulphate crystal was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The Refractive index was calculated as 1.534 by using Brewster’s angle method. UV-Visible spectra showed that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region.

External debt is one of the main sources of financing for some ECOWAS countries, which plays an important role in filling up the gap of scare resources as a result of low domestic savings and high current account deficit. The impact of external debt stock and debt servicing has become a significant area of study. The main focus of this thesis is to investigate the impact of external debt and debt servicing on some ECOWAS countries? economic growth over the period 1970 to 2008 by using annual times series data. The variables of the econometric model used in the study include the Gross Domestic Product as the dependent variable and external debt stock and debt servicing as the independent variables. Using annual time series data, ADF (Augmented Dickey- Fuller) and PP (Phillips-Perron) unit root tests are employed to test stationarity. Following the stationarity check of the time series data of some ECOWAS country, the cointegration test is applied to analyze the long-run relationship between the variables. Then the Error Correction Models are estimated, which provide a useful link between the long-run equilibrium and short-run disequilibrium dynamics.The results illustrate that the economic impact of external debt stock and its servicing varied for different countries among the ECOWAS countries. External debt contributes to economic growth in Benin and Niger while the impact of external debt stock adversely affect the economic growth of Burkina Faso, Cote d?Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea- Bissau, Nigeria, Sierra-Leone and Togo.

In this research we try to demonstrate the national unity from the viewpoint of political culture in Iran and its connection with national unity on theory Internal Solidarity Diamond. On another word the main hypothesis in this research is the effect of political culture on national unity. Regarding that in addition to political culture there are other elements like economic structure, social, cultural and political structures are also influential on the regarding phenomenon. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of political culture on national unity in Iran. The research method in this research is also analytic – descriptive. According to the results of this research, in Iran, because of long existence of autocratic authorities, they have been the creator of a kind of culture that is based on distrust, autocracy, self-orientation, negative individualism, omission, destructions, aggressiveness and etc. the consistency and long life of this authorities result in strengthening of this culture type among elites and bulk of people in a way that during the development of this political culture, this has transformed into a independent variable. This kind of culture has a negative and not constructive effect on producing agreement between elites and national unity. Evolution in political culture in order to gain national unity is a necessity.