Archives-June... 

A carbon based (Graphene) working electrode containing enzyme alkaline phosphatase, cellulose acetate and Poly Vinyl Pyrolidone (PVP), Ferrocene, Horseradish peroxidise and aq. KOH was specially designed and fabricated. It is then combined with Ag/AgCl reference and a platinum electrode to form a three electrode based amperometric biosensor for the electrochemical detection of Enterobacter aerogenes as biological warfare agent (BWA) in the presence and absence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel technique and were characterized by UV-visible, FTIR, TEM and XRD techniques. Change in current response and OCP values helps in the detection of BWA in presence and absence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Effects of temperature, stirring and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the BWA have also been investigated.

This study shows the ‘Anchorperson Presentational style of private TV channels and students perception university of Sargodha”. In Pakistan electronic media is considered more powerful media for all types of communications. Especially private electronic media is playing very important role in both positive and negative aspects. The contents of private media are considered as perception and opinion making tools. Talk shows and their anchorpersons are considered influenced in opinion and perception making of respondents. For this study 50 respondents have been selected from BS and 50 respondents from Master Class. In this study survey research technique was been used to exposure the role of anchorpersons and their presentational style in talk shows. The empirical research shows the anchorpersons has political affiliation as well as exaggerates the issues. Findings show that Geo news anchorperson Hamid Mir exaggerate the issues (59%) as compare to JavedChaudry (55%) and Kamran Shahid (42%). It is also find that that Hamid Mir is considered most political affiliated anchorpersons which is supported by findings taht Hamid Mir anchorperson of private TV new channels has political affiliation frequently (71%) which is much more JavedChadury (55%) and Kamran Shahid (50%).It is also find that viewers are more satisfied with anchorpersons of Express News as compare to other news channels. Over all findings show that respondents are satisfied (59%) from anchor persons of Express News which is much more Geo News (51%) and Duyna (40%).

This present study was aimed determining the potency of methanol extract of leaves of Annona senegalensis. on tumor-bearing Swiss albino mice (20 in number )and to evaluate the safety of the leaves in ethnomedicinal prescription. The animals were divided into 5 groups of 4 animals each. Mean survival time (MST) and percentage increase in life span were highest in group IV with values 3.0 ± 0 .03 and 5±0.05 respectively at 1000 mg / kg body weight (b.w). Packed cell volume (PCV) showed progressive decrease as the dosage increased from 100 mg/kg to 1000 mg/kg in all the groups when compared with doxorubicin control groups with value 34.5. Viable tumor cell counts were 22.2 (group III 100 mg/kg), 20.1 (group IV 1000 mg/kg) and 18.0 group V (doxorubicin 10 mg / kg standard drug) and values are statistically different from the MEAS control (group II ) with value 28.2. Non-viable tumors cell counts were on the increase as the doses increased; 5.10 (group III 100 mg/kg), 6.47(group IV 1000 mg/kg) and 7.24 (group V 0.8 mg/kg doxorubicin standard drug) while the MEAS control (group II) was 5.00 and values were compared. All hematological parameters showed increase at the doses (intraperitoneal) investigated except total WBC white blood cells with slight decrease in values among the groups. Toxicity studies (LD50) showed that the leaf methanol extract was safe even at 5000 mg/kg b.w. The study therefore showed that leaves methanol extract of A. senegalensis Pers. had anti-tumor properties on the experimental animals and can therefore serve as a medication for tumor problems.

This study investigated contributions of industrial wastewater on quality of receiving urban rivers and streams in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania, to establish their contamination levels and assess risks to human health and ecology. Water and sediment samples from 21 locations were analyzed for physicochemical parameters, nutrients and toxic metals. Pollution status was evaluated by contamination indices and comparison with benchmarks. Results showed high levels of dissolved solids, nutrients and toxic metals in water and significant levels of contamination in sediments. Poorly treated industrial effluents contributed in contaminating the receiving rivers; however significant levels of contamination were found to originate from other upstream sources as well. These findings indicate high risk to human health and the environment.

Data on acute toxicity and safety of fenugreek still not sufficient. Hence the objective of this study is to investigate the acute toxicity of fenugreek seeds aqueous extract (FSA) in vivo. Twelve male Swiss albino mice, were randomly divided into control (C), and three treated (T1, T2, and T3) groups (n = 3 each). T1, T2, and T3 were given 3gm, 6gm, and 9gm/kg body weight FSA respectively. Intragastric divided doses of FSA were given as per OECD guidelines 425. Continuous observation of signs of acute toxicity and survival set up. Body weight was measured every 3 days, blood glucose level was measured after 6 hours, then on days 3, 7, and 14. Liver function test was measured on days 3 and 14 which is the day of sacrificing the mice. Liver was dissected and processed for histopathological examination.Administration of 9g/kg body weight of FSA showed 66.7% survival rate, while the lower FSA doses showed 100% survival. 3, 6, and 9g/kg body weight FSA failed to induce any signs of acute toxicity. Furthermore, no significant effect shown on mice body weight, blood glucose level and liver enzymes. Histologically, all FSA administered doses showed mild portal inflammation, mild mononuclear cell infiltration in hepatic parenchyma, in addition to mild bile stasis induced only in mice received 9g/kg of FSA. FSA showed minimum lethal oral dose and mild liver histopathological inflammatory changes.

Normalization is a correct process for good relational database design of an application but not a complete. To support this, in a Boyce-Codd normal form design, three relations are designed from the two functional dependencies. Clearly, this is a setback in the basic aim of normalization i.e. reduction in database redundancy. The indecision here is that can we reduce the database redundancy further? Secondly, the database designers are creating the relations from the set of attributes and functional dependencies existing among them. The human work in the design process may lead to ambiguity and incorrect relations when the set of attributes and functional dependencies are large. The design of automated process for the human work overcomes this lacuna. The researchers have shown that there is a natural correspondence between the hypergraph and relational database schema. Beeri .et .al introduced a special class of hypergraphs known as ‘acyclic’, where the properties of relational database are equivalent to ‘ -acyclicity’. Another researcher Fagin introduced ‘ -acyclicity, which establishes the condition of unique relationship among the attributes. Hence, the amelioration of hypergraph from cyclic to acyclic satisfies the properties of relational database. Our paper proposes a methodology that takes the functional dependencies, attributes set as an input, and identifies the candidate key attributes. From the candidate key attributes, the hypergraph is redefined for the ‘acyclicity’ by the isolation of functional dependency (ies) framed by the candidate key attributes.

In the present study, the objective was to study the synthesis and analyses the zinc sulphide nanoparticles from Phyllanthus Emblica leaf extract. The study revealed that the plant extract possessed significant phytochemicals. The nanoparticles were synthesized using the leaf extract and analyzed using UV, FTIR, SEM and XRD. Different functional groups were found to be present indicating the presence of diverse compounds in the extract. The zinc sulphide nanoparticles also possessed potent antimicrobial activity against many pathogenic organisms.

Innovation in Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) is one of the required methods in this transformation era, thus a leader plays an important role in ensuring the successfulness of an organization. Which is, leader must have the leadership skill and it become a key component of an organization, management and administration of educational organizations and systems on going for future. This research was focused on five aspects which are attitude or personality of a leader, experience of a leader in administration as well as Learning and Teaching process (L & T), school environment, an organization’s financial and leader workloads. The objectives of this research is to investigate the limiting factors of leaders’ innovation and the encouragement that can help motivate the leader in implementing innovation in TVE. There were 48 respondents of technical teachers from Batu Pahat Vocational College for this research. This research is a quantitative survey and a set of questionnaire was used as the research instrument. The data will analyze the percentage, mean score and standard deviation. This research indicates that technical teachers have been moderately implementing innovation in their L & T process. The support from management encourage teacher to fully implementing the practices in school.Beside, these technical teachers had shown a positive attitude in making this innovation as a culture in their school.

The purpose of the study is to examine the relationship among developed and emerging stock markets of different countries. In developed countries there are four stock markets (Australia stock exchange, London Stock exchange, U.S Stock exchange and Tokyo Stock Exchange) where in developing countries (Bombay Stock Exchange, Colombo Stock Exchange and Chinghai Stock Exchange). Ten year data has been taken for the period from 2003 to 2012. Monthly data was taken and total numbers of observation are 120. Using the co-integration analysis we find out the long run relationship among these stock exchanges. Further for stationarity of data we use unit root test and then used Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, vector error correction model, granger causality test, variance decomposition test and impulse response test is used to examine the existence of long run relationships. Data was stationary at first difference then we used co-integration technique. Analysis shows that KSE has long run association with developing as well as developed countries. There is a unidirectional causality between KSE, Colombo and BSE30 among the developing countries. This means that movement in KSE leads toward movement in Colombo and BSE30. On the other hand, variance decomposition of KSE shows that mostly variation in the return of KSE is due to its internal factors.

An important social impact assessment of an intervention is the extent to which the project/intervention has impacted positively on the welfare of the beneficiaries. To this end, a comparative assessment of the impact of National Fadama Development Project (NFDP) - 11 on the beneficiaries and non – beneficiaries was conducted. Two local governments (one each from benefiting and non – benefiting) state was selected into the study. Internationally acceptable measures (age for weight, age for height of children (girls) of 0 - 3 years) were collected from the benefiting and non – benefiting farmers. Questionnaires were administered on 100 purposively selected fadama famers from each of the local government to elicit information on their NFDP – II benefits and fadama practices. Average weights and heights of the sampled children and their respective standard deviations were: 13.56 ± 3.45(kg); 78.9 ± 0.99(cm) and 9.93 ± 2.54(kg); 61.6 ± 1.31(cm) for the benefiting and non - benefiting farmers. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that there are significant differences in the heights and the weights of the children of benefiting and non – benefiting farmers. When sampled data were compared with the modeled data from FAO, 2006, the results indicated that there is no significant difference in the weights and heights of all the children. The increased income and improved standard of living of the benefiting fadama farmers could be attributed NFDP - 11 interventions. While the findings of this study should be applied with caution, it has however provided the scientific basis for the continuation of the programme in the benefiting areas and the initiation of the programme in the non – benefiting areas.