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No one can imagine an agricultural revolution without pesticides, in addition to fertilisation and mechanisation. The world should have been more crude without food or probably highly diminished in population due to chronic competition for scarce and raw food. There is population boom due to quicker and more dependable access to food and medicare. The economic growth of citizens and nations have depended primarily on agriculture. Part of the aftermath of human civilisation is chemical and pesticide contamination/pollution. The danger lies on the pollution level of these substances in our food chain and the environment. This paper reviews the place of pesticides in crop management, environmental implications and challenges for the future. It proffers acceptance of opinions of major stakeholders: scientists, investors, farmers, government, policy makers, regulators, health professionals, environmental experts/carers, regulators and recommends the use of contaminant level pesticide in contrast to pollutant level pesticide in crop management, pending the discovery of alternatives to synthetic pesticides, including botanic or bio-pesticides, to feed a hungry world.

Mimosa pudica is a perennial creeper. It has been found to have several medical benefits as it serves as an anti-asthmatic, Anti-convulsant, analgesic anti-diabetic and many more .In the present study the various phyto-chemicals present in Mimosa pudica were determined using phyto-chemical analysis. The well diffusion method was employed to determine the antibacterial activity of Mimosa pudica and the point inoculation method was used to determine the antifungal activity of Mimosa pudica This anti-microbial activity was tested at different concentrations of the extract. The findings showed potential anti-microbial property of extracts. Preliminary phyto-chemical analysis of the extracts was performed. A few samples were analyzed for the presence of Flavonoids by the method of UV Spectroscopy. Germination studies were performed using the aqueous extracts of Mimosa pudica .The findings showed enhanced germination in the presence of the extracts.

Housing is many things to many people. The National Rural Housing and Habitat Policy sees housing and shelter as ‘basic human needs next to only food or clothing’ putting makaan in its familiar place beside roti and kapda. In India as per estimated by working group for rural housing for XII five year plan there is 43.67 million household shortage for the year 2012-2017 working group also further estimated that 39.30 million of shortage of houses for the BPL families in India. The central government having a scheme for the rural household called Indira Awas Yojana for addressing the issues of housing in rural areas. The Maharashtra Government took a decision in the year 2011 that the priority for allocation of IAY should be given to those Gram Panchayat where less houses require to construction. This decision of the state government is creating social exclusion of the people from below poverty line. There is another decision of the state government is that if any village wanted to implement rural development scheme in the village is require that 60 per cent of the household should have a own toilets, this decision created 621 gram panchayat of Osmanabad District non availability of fund for rural development scheme from Government. In this paper we are analyzing how the government decision affect development in the Osmanabad district by focusing on faulty policy designing and budgetary allocation which creating social exclusion of people from implementing government scheme for rural development.

Purpose: To find out the prevalence of postpartum depression and its associated risk factors. Design:A descriptive cross sectional prospective survey with sample of 345 postnatal women. Methods: Women were interviewed in hospital after delivery to collect demographic, marital and obstetrical details and participated in a telephonic structured interview 6 weeks after discharge. Additional data were extracted from the records of the women in the hospital.The instruments used were: Background variables Instrument and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Descriptive statistics, Chi- square test, Fisher’s exact test, odds ratio, and a logistic regression analysis were performed. Findings: 2.9% of the women screened positive for postpartum depression with EDPS. Women’s income, unwanted pregnancy for the husband , marital relationship and adverse life events during past one year were significantly associated with PPD at p < .05 in univariable analyses. The multivariable analysis identified two predictor variables for depression: unwanted pregnancy for the husband (odds ratio= 0.15, 95% CI = 0.02-0.84 , p < .03) and marital relationship (odds ratio= 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.47 , p < .006). Conclusions: Mothers who experience unpleasant marital relationship, adverse life events and an unwanted pregnancy, are at increased risk of getting postpartum depression. Keywords: Postpartum Depression, postnatal women, risk factors.

Terpolymer resins (o-APUF) synthesized by the condensation of o-aminophenol and urea with formaldehyde in the presence of acid catalyst, were proved to be selective chelation ion-exchange copolymers for certain metals. The chelating ion-exchange properties of these terpolymers were studied for Fe(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions in the form of their metal nitrate solutions. A batch equilibrium method was employed in the study of the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurements of the distribution of a given metal ion between the terpolymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over a wide pH range, shaking time and in media of various ionic strengths of different electrolytes. The ion-exchange capacity of metal ions has also been determined experimentally and compared with other commercial resins. Besides ion-exchange properties, the terpolymer resins were also characterized by viscometric measurements in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), UV-visible absorption spectra in non-aqueous medium, infra-red spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and C13 NMR spectra. The physico-chemical and spectral methods were used to elucidate the structures of o-APUF resins. The morphology of the terpolymers was studied by scanning electron microscopy; showing amorphous nature of the resins therefore can be used as a selective ion-exchanger for certain metal ions.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common erythrocyte enzymopathy in the world. Its frequency and its involvement in the occurrence of anemia in a group of HIV-positive children was studied. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted from 1st to 30th October 2015 at the Pediatric Department of the Cocody Teaching Hospital including all HIV-positive children undergoing antiretroviral treatment. Hemoglobin (g / dl), G6PD activity, antiretroviral regimen, and grade of anemic toxicity were collected. The severity of anemia was assessed according to the grade classification of hemoglobin in AIDS. Of 171 HIV-positive patients 1, 17.5% had G6PD deficiency (30/171). The mean duration of antiretroviral (ARV) was 52.75 months and their regimen contained Zidovudine in 75.43% of cases. More than ¾ (82%) of our patients had anemia. Grades I and II of anemic toxicity were predominant in 37% in both cases. There was a statistical relationship between G6PD deficiency and grade of anemic toxicity (p = 0.0000). This toxicity was more pronounced when exposed to ZIDOVUDINE (p = 0.0000). This study confirms that the prevalence of G6PD deficiency remains high (17.5%) and thus allows us to advocate for the introduction of the G6PD assay in the initial assessment of HIV. 

Pressure monitoring and control using digital gauge as a tool, is one of the economical sources of obtaining valuable information about periodic production tests. It is actually a test to determine relative quantities of oil, gas and water produced under normal producing conditions. They facilitate well and reserves operations and also comply with legal and regulatory requirements. Every individual, in oil and gas well pressure and temperature monitoring and controlling team, require the knowledge of pressure and temperature(PT) behaviours in the annulus and tubing and at the wellhead, periodically, either during or after an operation. One of the most reliable ways through which these parameters (PT) can be monitored and controlled is through the use of one of the digital gauge known as “Keller (LoggerDCX4.11) Gauge”, which is capable of recording and storing PT data. Every operation carried out with this gauge is meant to achieve a specific goal, either to know the pressure build-up or the pressure drawdown, during and after annulus and tubing pressure bleed-off. When this purpose is achieved, effective well development and production is assured.PT, well development and production are closely related in the sense that, they are mutually dependent. For well development and production to succeed, pressure data, among other parameters must be known. This tool is one of the most advantageous gauges for PT well testing data. Its unique features make it easier to monitor and control oil and gas wells’ PT during development, production and maintenance.

We are very happy to announce that from 13th December 2018, Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed Heniegal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Civil Engineering. Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed Heniegal is working as Professor (Structural Engineering),Civil Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Suez, Egypt. The appointment of Prof. Dr. Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed Heniegal as member, Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

We are very happy to announce that from 20th January 2011, Prof. Fakhru'l-Razi Ahamad has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Chemical and Environmental Engineering. Prof. Fakhru'l-Razi Ahamad is currently working at Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. The appointment of Prof. Fakhru'l-Razi Ahamad as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links with Iran and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

The study investigated the profitability of catfish enterprises in Ede South Local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 59 small scale catfish farmers were purposively sampled in this study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics, while budgetary analysis was used to determine the profitability, and multiple regression analysis was the inferential statistic used. The result of the survey revealed that 54.24 percent of the fish farmers were male. About 81.3 percent of the fish farmers were married. 59.81% of the farmers fall between the ages of 31-40years. About 62.71 percent of the farmers had tertiary educational qualifications.Most of the fish farmer (39.1%) produced between 5,400 -10,500kg. The mean production of fish farmer was 5,750.85kg.The total variable cost was ?24,623,997. The revenue was ?252,000,000 per annum. The gross margin was ?227,376,003 per annum and the net farm income was ?189,589,795 per annum. The analysis of the benefit cost ratio (BCR) and the rate of returns revealed that catfish enterprise is profitable in the study area. The factors that significantly affect fish output in the study area include: quantity of feed, quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings, total pond size.