Archives-June... 

This paper examines agroforestry as a panacea to food insecurity in Nigeria. Agroforestry is defined as a combination of agriculture and forestry, resulting in better management of natural resources and sustainable use of land. It is the planting of trees among crops so as to help sustain environments and livelihoods. The practice of agroforestry is a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resources management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels. It has some characteristic features which could either be intentional or interactive. Intentional agroforestry is designing and managing combinations for a planned result. Intentional agroforestry can be intensive or integrated. In practice of intensive agroforestry, components are managed to maintain production and environmental benefits. Integrated agroforestry is a blend of agriculture, forestry and environmental science. Interactive agroforestry is designed to minimize negative and maximize positive interactions between trees, other crops, livestock and humans. The goal is to enhance the production of more than one component at a time while providing for environmental benefits. The paper discusses some characteristic features of agroforestry as either intentional or interactive. Silvopastoral, agrisilviculture and agrisilvopastoral are discussed as types of agroforestry systems while alley cropping, forest farming, riparian buffer strips and windbreaks or shelterbelts are described as the most common or popular agroforestry practices. Some limitations to agroforestry practices are also mentioned in the paper.

The issue of information security is evolving on a daily basis and the Governments in the world have become e-governments. Which makes it necessary to develop ways to maintain information to protect them from hackers and and protect them from penetration. In this paper we will encrypt the image using two well known matrix analyzers, gsvd and svd, by relying on a complex cryptographic key, an image. The workflow will analyze the image matrix that we want to encrypt and matrix the key image using gsvd analysis.We also analyze the image matrix key using svd analysis. From the resulting matrices of the analyzes we form a new matrix through the process of constructing in a systematic manner and with new values considered large dispersion of the color values of the image matrix that we want to encrypt. This construct we have made will explain it by explaining the algorithm below.The resulting matrix represents the first and most important phase of encryption, a complex coding process that can never be broken. and to reduce the size of the last matrix to a quarter we fold it in a systematic way that can be reversed to retrieve the original values.What distinguishes this algorithm from the rest of the algorithms that preceded it is the readings that appear to the standards of global accuracy especially the encryption time, which did not exceed 1.9 seconds and the decoding time, which did not exceed 0.74 sec it is a very short period of unprecedented.We will make this clear through the tables below.

An innovative approach incorporated to predict large quantity of rose water extraction through distillation process in a solar still under the climatic conditions of Coimbatore, India (11?.00 N, 77 ? E). The rose water extraction to utilize the process is performed to increase the large yield rate by coupling the still with the concentrating assembly. The hourly rose essence yield from the still and efficiency are recorded. In normal evaporation process of the still requires more time to evaporate the content in the still which spends 1½ hour for evaporation. But in this type of still concentrator plays a major role for evaporating the content within a short duration of time. It requires only 10 minutes for evaporation. Thus this type of still is very much support to extract the rose essence without any loss of smell. The conventional solar still loses its smell even before the evaporation process.

Children are reported to be taking on more influential roles in the decisions of household purchases. Some of the reasons cited for this are changes in family structures like smaller families and single headed households. Other reasons like enhanced technology and the influx of mass media has also been noted. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of the influence that children, in the pre-adolescent age group, have on purchases. The study further looked at the influence of peers, the influence of television programmes and televised advertisements and the types of techniques used by children to influence a purchase decisions. A survey questionnaire was administered to a sample of thirty households with children within the target age group of eight to twelve years. The sample was randomly selected from the Berea West Senior Primary School in Berea West, Durban. These families fell into the middle income group. The results confirmed the existence of children’s influence on purchase decisions. The results also revealed that peer influence does play a significant role on children’s choices. However the influence of television featured less prominently. Influence tactics and techniques used by children was also analysed to see which were more frequently used.

This paper is concerned with the analysis of a single server batch arrival retrial G-queue with feedback, multi-types of service and orbital search under a randomized vacation policy. Positive customers arrive in batches according to Poisson processes. Server provides M types of heterogeneous service. If the server is idle upon the arrival of a batch, one of the customers in the batch receives any one of the types immediately and others join the orbit. Otherwise, all the customers in the batch join the orbit. After completion of service, the unsatisfied customer joins the orbit as a feedback customer. A breakdown at the busy server is represented by the arrival of a negative customer which causes the customer being in service to be lost. The repair of the failed server starts immediately. Whenever the orbit becomes empty the server takes a vacation of random length. At a vacation completion epoch, if the system is still empty, the server leaves for another vacation of same length or remains idle in the system. This pattern continues until the server finds at least one customer in the orbit or the number of vacations reaches J. At the end of Jth vacation, even if the orbit is empty the server remains in the system for new arrival. If the orbit is non-empty during the idle period, the server may search customers from the orbit. Using supplementary variable technique, various performance measures are derived. Stochastic decomposition property is established.

The health of the economy is closely related to the soundness of its banking system. The banking sector influences the economic growth and development in terms of both quality and quantity, there by changing the nature of economic growth. Assessment of the bank's performance in terms of earnings level may reveal more about government policy than about the bank's own efficiency. The indicators commonly used for assessing productivity of banks are Business per employee/Branch, advances per employee/Branch, number of accounts per employee/branch etc. the results obtained by different factors need not be the same and may often be contradictory. Employee productivity performance analysis is a popular technique for the appraisal of financial performance of a bank. It simply means the total resources invested and the profits generated on the investment per employee of the bank. For a bank, its employees are the most valuable corporate asset. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate profitability of a bank in terms of its employee's productivity. The present paper therefore is an attempt to compares the parameters of employees’ productivity and parameters of branch productivity. This study investigated the effects of amalgamation on the financial performance of Regional Rural banks in India. The research compared the pre-merger and post merger financial performance of KVGB and PGB which were amalgamated during 2005. The results indicate that the productivity ratios that have marginally improved after the amalgamation.Both findings suggest ways in which the bank can increase the profitability of its branch network.

In this paper we establish some more generalizations of Enestr?m – Kakeya theorem by taking the case when the monotonic coefficients are perturbed and hence finding annulus for the polynomial. Besides many consequences our results considerably improve the bounds in some cases as well.

Looking to the pharmacological importance of 8-hydroxyquinolines,in the present study, a novel bi-dentate ligand N - (3 - (bis (2 - ((8 – hydroxyquinolin – 5 – yl) methoxy) ethyl) amino) – 4 - methoxyphenyl) acetamide (BHQMA) was synthesized by the reaction of N - (3 - (bis (2 - hydroxyethyl) amino) – 4 -methoxyphenyl) acetamide with 5-chloromethyl- 8-hydroxyquinoline hydrochloride. Its co-ordination polymers were also prepared with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) salts. All the above compounds were investigated by physicochemical analyses, thermogravimetric analysis and spectroscopic techniques. In vitro antimicrobial activity of all synthesized compounds and standard drugs have been evaluated against four strains of bacteria which include two Gram +ve bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium and two Gram-ve bacteria such as Es cherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and one fungi Aspergillus niger.

The water quality index (WQI) method rather than the conventional water quality standard approach was applied in evaluating the surface water quality of the Jakara basin, Kano, Northern Nigeria. The objective of this study is to provide water quality index reference values and pattern for targeted environment. Thirty surface water samples were collected: twenty three samples along River Getsi and seven surface water samples along the main channel River Jakara. Twenty three quality parameters namely: pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, dissolve oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, Fecal Coli form, total solids, nitrates, phosphates, cobalt, iron, nickel, manganese ,copper, sodium, potassium, mercury, chromium, cadmium, lead ,magnesium, and calcium were analyzed. The study used nine physicochemical and bacteriological parameters converge into single value as suggested by National Science Foundation-Water Quality Index (NSF-WQI). The result reveled that S2,S3,S4,S5,S12,S15,S17 of the River Getsi fall under very bad water quality while other sampling points within the same stream shows Bad water quality. On the other hand out of the seven sampling points within River Jakara, only S25 shows Very bad, others fall within Bad water quality. In general water in the Jakara basin fall under very bad category and pose a danger in any form of water consumption. The water quality index scheme performed better in water quality pollution trend analysis due to its sensitivity to changes in water quality at different point in time.

Talking about Arabic language invokes mixed feelings in Iranians. On the negative plane, it brings to mind bitter memories of Arab invasion a millennia ago, when they dominated the empire of Persia for three centuries during which radical changes to the language and culture of Persia were engineered. On the positive side, Arabic is the medium of all religious occasions, and enjoys an air of awe, authority, and sacredness to it. This situation makes Arabic unapproachable and innovations and changes to Arabic language policy and its related educational policies difficult, dangerous, and complicated because one easily runs the risk of being accused of hostility, heresy, or conspiracy against a sacred language. It is for this same reason that the major agency responsible for policy planning and implementation about Arabic resides outside of the organizations commonly in charge of language and educational planning; the responsibility lies with the seminary and other religious circles and anyone outside of that circle talking differently about the language, no matter what his professional credentials are, is considered an intruder and is seen with suspicion. In such an ideologically-driven atmosphere, disentangling beliefs from facts proves daunting. As a consequence, despite its prevalence, the quality of Arabic language teaching in Iran remains a mystery, as no serious large-scale study aiming to subject it to empirical investigation has yet been carried out. Aiming at filling this lacuna, we undertook a study in the hope that we may throw some light on of Arabic language teaching (ALT, henceforth). Our study was informed by theories and practices commonly in vogue in teaching other modern languages, particularly English. Collecting data from a survey administered to 53 Arabic teachers, we found that ALT is a different world from ELT in its various dimensions and it clearly fails to meet the standards of modern language teaching orthodoxy. Teachers were found to be lacking the minimum requirements of language teachers such as proficiency, language teaching methodology knowledge base, and the basics of linguistic knowledge needed for a language teacher.