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Benign tracheoesophageal fistula is a rare clinical entity and a rare complication of prolonged intubation and tracheostomy, we report the case of 20-year-old woman with a tracheoesophageal fistula secondary to mechanical ventilation. Ventilation difficulties and the recurrent lung infections were the mean symptoms, Early diagnosis was confirmed by bronchoscopy then the patient underwent a surgical repair of the fistula and interposition of a muscle flap. Acquired nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistula is a preventable disease but this complication can still occur. The surgical treatment remains the best option.

Individual differences, attitude toward cultural perspectives of the target language community being its most significant aspect, are assumed to play a crucial role in the development of pragmatic competence. To investigate this issue, this study attempted to assess the relationship between integrative attitude and pragmatic comprehension. A multiple choice pragmatic listening test and a Likert-scaled attitude questionnaire were used to collect data from 63 undergraduate students of Teaching English as a Foreign Language at three universities in Iran. The findings suggested that integrative attitude has a significant effect on pragmatic comprehension. Therefore, it was recommended to complement classroom instructions with popular cultural perspectives of the target language community.

The monosodium glutamate is commonly used food flavoring agent used worldwide. The present experimental study investigated the effects of orally administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histology of testes of adult male Wistar rat model. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups; Group A served as controls, Group B. received MSG orally (1 mg/kg), Group C. received MSG orally (2mg/kg) and Group D. received MSG orally (4 mg/kg). Tissue sections of testis from rats in the control (Group A), showed the normal histological features for the seminiferous tubules and interstices. Group B rats revealed normal spermatogenic cells, many spermatids, and edematous interstitial spaces with mild hyperemia. The Group C rats showed inflammatory exudates in interstitial spaces, spermatids were fewer and changes of degeneration of Leydig cells. Group D rats showed severely reduced spermatogonia, very few to totally absent spermatids in the tubules. Sertoli cells were reduced in the tissue sections. The Leydig cells were also diminished in count with severe vacuolar degeneration. Overall, the MSG treated rats showed altered histology of testicular tissue. The present study concluded that the glutamate has deleterious effects on the testicular histology in adult male Wistar rats particularly in high dose therefore caution must be taken for its frequent use in large quantities as a food flavor additive.

Based on many studies and research conducted on learning a foreign language, it can be claimed that most of the students experience a great difficulty in reading and comprehending the texts in foreign language. It seems that reading and comprehending foreign language materials can be improved if teachers do research to find ways through which readers could be helped to get more information from the text. Therefore, compensation reading strategies can be considered as certain types of enabling activities because they equip the reader with a base knowledge necessary for dealing with the content of the structure of materials. So the present study was an attempt to answer the research questions considering the effects of teaching explicit vs implicit compensation strategies on the third grade high school students’ reading comprehension performance. 110 students took part in this study. The researcher provided them with a language proficiency test taken from NELSON test. Then based on their scores, the mean and standard deviation were computed .The students whose scores fell in the range of “mean ±1standard deviation” were selected for the research study. Therefore, 36 students in one class and 35 students in the other participated as the subjects of the study. Then a standard pre-test (Master TOEFL and Arco TOFEL) was given to the subjects in both groups before any treatment. Finally, a standard post- test (Master TOEFL and Arco TOEFL) was given to the subjects in both groups to prove or disprove the Null hypothesis. Obtaining the needed data, the researcher ran the necessary statistical procedures. It was proved that the experimental group which being exposed to the explicit compensation reading strategies showed higher level of performance on post-test than the control group. Therefore the main null hypothesis, teaching explicit compensation reading strategies has no effect on the reading comprehension of the third- grade high school students was rejected.

In this study, I explore the impact of self-efficacy of individuals on their job performance in the banking sector of Spain. In particular, this study explores different prevalent literature on self-efficacy and how it can lead to improvement or deterioration of individual’s performance in banks. The results highlight an important corporate level phenomenon. The results on the basis of robust statistical techniques support the proposed key arguments of the study.

The dowry, this customary institution, was certainly misunderstood by the authors of the written law. The interpretations flow from it and the decision to integrate it or not into positive law falls under the sovereignty of each State. However, it is asked to those who made a condition of the marriage (1), to be able to control overflows of speculation to avoid falling through the tarification. Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa), it is mainly about goats, cows in number apparently exaggerated. The bill presented by the family-in-law to their future son-in-law is often inflated as marriage takes a long time to come to fruition and this state of affairs discourages many marriage candidates. Hence the phenomenon of ''Yaka tovanda'' (come and stay together.) Failing the dowry or dragging, the divorce quickly arrived.1This is the case in the DRC: Family Code, Law No. 16/008 of 15 July 2016 amending and supplementing Law No. 87-010 of 1 August 1987 on the Family Code. The future spouse and his family must agree with the parents of the future wife of a gift of property and / or money that constitute the dowry for the benefit of the parents of the future wife. Marriage can only be celebrated if the dowry has actually been

This research proposal is to investigate the role of Customer Satisfaction on Customer Retention in the Kenyan Insurance Industry. Customers? retention is a valuable asset for an Insurance industry and therefore must be achieved optimally for efficient and effective achievement of stated objectives and for smooth continuation of business. Most of the customer satisfaction attributes to the role of customer expectation, customers loyalty, customers trust and customer commitment in the customer retention in the Kenyan Insurance Industry.Problem overview will be given in chapter one as it tries to address the role of Customer Satisfaction on Customer Retention in the Insurance Industry. This research will basically address some of the issues of Customer Satisfaction that may influence Customer Retention in the Kenyan Insurance Industry. The researcher will also address the statement of the problem which gives the basis of the study, objectives, research questions and the scope of the study. The researcher will attempt to look at the relationships between various variables identified, critical review and the research gaps of conceptual framework in chapter two. Research methodology in chapter three will give an overview which attempts to achieve the objectives of the study, which will involve data collection methods used, research design, target population, data analysis and presentation. A descriptive study will be adopted and research carried out using survey method. The study will focus on a target population of 120 which will comprise of the Insurance customers. A convenient sample of 120 customers is considered for this study taking into account of all locations of Insurance Companies Branches in Mombasa County. The data analysis will employ use of SPSS version 20. The Researcher will then present the data findings collected from the population target using tables and charts.

Helping English learners acquire a foreign language effectively is an essential issue which needs to be investigated. Obtaining a good listening comprehension which acts as a basis for the development of the other skills is very important. This study intended to explore and see whether using authentic English songs can improve the EFL learners’ listening comprehension. This paper reported the results of this study which was implemented on two groups in Tarlak English institute in Bandar Anzali. The study determined the effect of English songs on the language learners’ listening comprehension. This study was executed on 40 intermediate level students who were assigned to two groups as the control group and the experimental group. A pre and postlistening test was applied to both groups. The findings showed that the use of English songs had statistically significant impact on the language learners’ listening comprehension. Key Terms, listening, songs, authentic listening

In this modern world, considering to the environmental problems is very important. The relationship between this topic and positive effects of free trade on the economic development and growth of the countries caused the importance of the topic is observed in international discussions more than ever. In this study, trade liberalization along with the factors affecting environment are considered in two groups of selected countries which are the member of Organization for Economic Development & Cooperation and developing countries such as Iran within 1995-2007 via dynamic panel data and static panel data. The relationships between the variables have been assessed by estimation to fixed and random effects method emphasizing on generalized moment method (GMM). The results indicated that the economic growth, population growth as well as value added of industrial sector resulted into the pollution intensification for both groups of selected countries. Degree of trade openness and trade of manufacturing products in the countries member of Organization for Economic Development & cooperation lead to pollution abatement and for developing countries leads to pollution expansion.

A Proper nouns also called proper names are names and denote unique entities. A proper noun is the special word that refers to a person, place or object such as John, London, Aspirin or Sony. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun. A proper noun is capitalize in English and most other languages that use the Latin alphabet; this is an easy way to recognize them. Regarding the translation of proper nouns, it can not be stated that proper nouns are untranslatable. Some proper nouns should be translated, but some others should not or they should be transferred and still several others should be explained in parentheses or footnote. For example, fictitious proper names often have connotations, either literal meaning or implicature, so they should be translated. If the culture and nationality are as important as the connotation and context of names or they are more important, they should not be translated or they should be explained in the parentheses or footnote.Therefore, proper nouns belong to the realm of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and if the proper nouns of English and Persian compared and contrasted, it can be said that they are studied under the domain of Contrastive Analysis which is a subdisipline of linguistics that brings two or more language system or subsystem together.