Archives-J 

A selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of Pb (II)ions in water samples has been developed. method has been developed for preconcentration of Pb on organic-solution-processable functionalized-nano graphene (SPFGraphene) adsorben in the pH range 5.0–10.0, prior to its spectrophotometric determination, based on the oxidation of bromopyrogallol red at ? = 517 nm. This method makes it possible to quantitize Pb in the range of 4.2×10?9 to 2.3×10?5 M, with a detection limit (S/N = 3) of 1.42×10?9 M. This procedure has been successfully applied to determine the ultra trace levels of Pb in the environmental samples, free from the interference of some diverse ions. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation of three measurements is better than 3.0%.

Broadband and Wireless are the most common adoption in the communication market during the past ten years. Users want to be able to access to multimedia applications, data and voice while still using wireless mobility. To do so a high data rate is required. Moreover, multicasting is a tool used in networking which allows a selected group of users to receive the same information, and it is particularly useful for multimedia traffic. Obviously the research on the possible techniques to obtain such connection is a challenging topic in the field of mobile communication.The technological advances in wireless communications have enabled the realization of various systems which enable us to optimally use various multimedia applications. It is envisioned that many of the future wireless systems will incorporate considerable signal processing intelligence in order to provide advanced services such as multimedia transmission and detection. In general, wireless channels are hostile media to communicate, due to substantial physical impediments, primary radio frequency interference and time varying nature of the channel. The need of providing universal wireless access at high data- rate (which is the aim of many emerging wireless applications) presents a major technological challenge, and meeting this challenge necessities the development of advanced signal processing techniques for multiple- access communications in non- stationary interference rich environments. In this paper we present advanced signal processing methodologies for Multiple Access Interference (MAI) suppression in multiuser communication environment, while considering the transmission over Rayleigh fading channel. We also considered the effect of Doppler shift. A new model for realization of Rayleigh fading channel has been proposed. The statistical tests performed on the proposed channel were found satisfactory.

This paper addresses an intelligent optimal control for a flexible robot arm that is driven by a permanent-magnet synchronous servo motor. An intelligent optimal control of robot arm with 5 axes with servo gripper is proposed by the instructions given through Android device (android app on smart phone). This proposal was addressed to fourth-year engineering students and combines knowledge from android java programming and robotic control to complete an automation project task. The educational robotic arm initially learns to pick up a randomly placed target from a target surface and move it to a predefined destination after which it repeats the contouring process under the presence of the target. This paper presents an off-line trajectory generation algorithm and, therefore, it possesses significant industrial implications, as no hardware changes are needed for its implementation. The proposed method has been experimented with Dexter ER-1 Robotic Arm for optimum project based learning.

A characterization and volumetric analysis of Olomoro field was carried out using data provided by Shell Petroleum Development Corporation in order to determine the reservoir lithology, structure properties and hydrocarbon in-place. The data provided were well logs, structural map and the seismic section of Olomoro field. The well logs utilized included gamma ray, resistivity, caliper, density, neutron and sonic logs. Through the gamma ray log, it was discovered that the interval under investigation had four porous and permeable zones or reservoir interval. The resistivity log revealed with exception of the first to the third reservoir layer of well 1, presence of hydrocarbon which was used to calculate resistivity of the formation and water. The water saturation was calculated which in turn was used to calculate the hydrocarbon saturation. The values derived were used to estimate the hydrocarbon in place within the depth of 3,429m and 4,053.84m for an area of 100km². These gave a total of 4.012 x 10⁹m³ or 2.5234 x 10¹⁰ barrel as the hydrocarbon in-place. It was observed through the structural map and the seismic section that the hydrocarbon trap is a structural trap created by two fault plains and a folded anticline.

The antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of two marine sponges collected from Tuticorin gulf of mannar region was tested against six human pathogenic bacteria and five human pathogenic fungi using the agar disk diffusion method. Bacteria cultures, Vibrio cholarae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram negative bacteria), Bacillus subtilus, Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM 2079). Sponge extracts of Aurora globostellata (Carter) and Spirastrella inconstans Var. moeandrina Dendy appeared to be quite promising due to their capacity to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin resistant strains Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli as well as a broad-spectrum activity against all the other bacteria. The highest activity was obtained for the ethyl acetate extract of Aurora globostellata (Carter) against the Gram-positive bacteria Klebsiella pnemoniae (inhibition zone 12.33±0.33 mm) and Salmonella typhi (14.00±0.57) and against C. albicans (12.66±0.66 mm), T. rubrum (12.33±0.33 mm) and Aspergillus flavus (14.33±0.33). This extract is currently undergoing further analysis to identify the active compounds. These promising results in relation with antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro open the way for complementary investigation in order to purify and identify active molecules.

In present scenario, ad hoc network become the prominent mode of communication for mobile devices. Hence, becoming a elementary field of research. Since ad hoc networks are infrastructure less networks and the nodes in ad hoc networks are connected by a wireless links. As nodes are connected by wireless links, its becomes easier for attacker to disrupt in the ad hoc networks. Therefore security is the major issue in ad hoc networks as compared to wired network. In this paper, we are discussing the various attacks which are possible in MANET due to fabrication and worm hole attack in AODV and how to secure AODV against wormhole attack using token based approach. The propose method reduces the packet loss due to malicious nodes to a considerable extent and hence enhance the performance.

Banking Industry plays a significant role in the growth of economy in any country. The journey of Indian Banking Industry has faced many ups and downs at the time of economic crises. In last three years India’s average economic growth rate is nine percent and targeted to increase to ten percent within next five years. From the time of 18th Century to the reform period, the banking industry play a vital role like, Nationalization to Privatization and increase in Foreign banking sectors. Banking industry in India has also achieved a new height with the changing times. The use of technology has brought a revolution in the working style of the banks. Nevertheless, the fundamental aspects of banking i.e. trust and the confidence of the people on the institution remain the same. In this paper an attempt has been made to identify the Structural Changes, challenges and opportunities for the Indian Banking Industry. The article is divided in two parts. Initial part includes the introduction, historical background, structure and present scenario of Banking Industry and the concluding phase focuses on the challenges of banking industry in 21st Century and various challenges which are likely to be faced by Indian banking industry.

Heat Exchangers are widely used in many industries, such as chemical, food, air-conditioning system, petrochemical, oil, and thermal power plant. In the air-to-air and air-to-liquid heat exchangers for air-side heat transfer applications, special surfaces are often employed to obtain high rates of heat transfer. One geometry that can be used to enhances heat exchanger performance is a sinusoidally curved wavy passage. Wavy channels are easy to fabricate, and can provide significant heat transfer enhancement in the appropriate Reynolds number regime. This article offers a new method for calculating total heat transfer area in a plate-fin heat exchanger with waviness surfaces. Kays and London presented some experimental data to determine heat transfer area in wavy surfaces, based on the ratio of total heat transfer area / total volume. One of the important weakness of the method presented by Kays and London is calculating total heat transfer area is a chain process and depends on the other thermal properties of the heat exchanger. So, existence of a direct method can be helpful and , of course, a strong tool in optimization process.

The introduction of corporate government practices in Nairobi stock exchange saw the Bull Run that kicked off in the Nairobi Securities Exchange in the year 2006, which made the market gain more than 50%. As earnings of companies increased, so did the demand for shares by the public, corporate governance was incorporated as a strategy for the company success. The price appreciation forced many companies to split shares owing to the nature of majority of the Kenyan and foreign investors who wanted to invest in listed companies. Companies such as Kenol/ Kobil (Kenya Oil Company Limited), East African Cables Limited, CMC Holdings Limited, ICDCI (Centum Investments Company Limited) and Barclays Bank Limited that were highly priced opted to split shares to make them accessible to the public, and to benefit the company as well as potential investors. Corporate governance formulated and implemented legislation and enforcement procedure in place within the CMA and the NSE, to curb massive falsification of financial reports, conspicuous dealings in the NSE and illegal collaboration of stockbrokers with the intention to defraud investors. It is good corporate governance that even with the recent collapse of many stockbrokerage firms investor confidence in the capital corporate governance still is high. This study explores the contribution of the corporate governance on investor confidence in Nairobi Securities Exchange; recommend the possible solutions to curb corporate governance irregularities that lead to tremendous loss of investor money and confidence.

Conservation tillage (CA) systems are gaining increased attention as a way to reduce the water footprint of crops by improving soil water infiltration, increasing soil moisture and reducing runoff and water contamination. The concept of water footprint is defined as the total volume of freshwater used, directly or indirectly, to produce a product or process including the total amount of water required in agriculture for growing crops. About 141 million and 645 thousand hectares of land in the world have been destroyed by erosion because of inappropriate tillage operations. The total amount of 26 billion tons of soil eroded is estimated and about 2 billion tons comes out from Iran. Parallel to the erosion, loss of soil organic matter that occurs on to several factors, farming has become more challenging. Many strategies exist to combat soil degradation through erosion and compaction on agricultural fields. One of these strategies is conservation agriculture (CA). Reduced or no-tillage techniques, together with crop residue management and crop rotation are the pillars of CA. The term reduced tillage covers a range of tillage practices but it never involves inverting the soil. In this way, soil disturbance is minimized and crop residues are left on the soil. Studies in many European countries have shown that CA can indeed be very effective in combating soil erosion. However, soil and water conservation do not appear as main drivers in farmers’ decisions to shift or not to CA. Economic factors tend to be more important, but there are a lot of uncertainties on this domain. Studies show that production costs are mostly reduced, mainly by reduced fuel costs. Although many European studies have investigated the effect of reduced soil tillage on crop yields, a lot of uncertainties still exist.