Archives-J 

Mefenamic acid, an anti-inflammatory drug, exhibits poor water solubility, dissolution and flow properties. Thus, the aim of the present study was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of Mefenamic acid by preparing crystals by freeze drying technique. Mefenamic acid crystals were prepared by freeze drying using THF, isopropyl acetate and water as solvents system to enhance solubility and dissolution rate. The prepared crystals containing Mefenamic acid were evaluated for in vitro dissolution and solubility. The prepared formulations were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dissolution profile of the freeze dried crystals was compared with its recrystallized sample and pure sample. The samples were stored in stability chamber to investigate their physical stability Freeze dried crystals exhibited decreased crystallinity and the solubility and dissolution of the mefenamic acid crystals were significant improved compared with its recrystallized and pure sample of mefenamic acid. In stability test, the release profile of the freeze dried crystals was almost unchanged as compared with the freshly prepared freeze dried crystals stored at 40 ⁰C and 75% relative humidity for 90 days. Hence this technique can be used for formulation of tablets of mefenamic acid by direct compression with directly compressible tablet excipients.

There are two basic conditions necessary for the occurrence of wind erosion in widespread locations. Firstly it must occur regions that have constant winds and the second condition is that the soil must be dry so that it can be easily transported by wind and its average annual precipitation must be less than 250 mm. This study aimed to estimate seasonal and annual rainfall of Khorasan Razavi province with a 20-year period using three geostatistical methods: kriging, IDW and Cokriging. Results showed that between the three geostatical methods that were used in this study, Cokriging showed higher accuracy than the other two methods (based on RMSE and ME less), so the final maps were prepared using his method. Based on the analysis of statistical data in the SPSS software and the variogram , the most appropriate data model for the seasonal and annual precipitation maps that was selected was the ArcGIS9.3 software. According to the maps, the more north you go the more precipitation occurs; which shows the correlation between height and precipitation. Thus the correlation coefficient between height and seasonal and annual precipitation is stronger, and there will be higher accuracy of prediction through Cokriging. These factors are also effective in wind erosion when the amount of annual rainfall and distribution is in different seasons. According to the results obtained, areas other than the north and northwest, particularly in the eastern provinces are prone to wind erosion.

This descriptive study explores the ontological and anthropological analysis of the philosophical perspective of pragmatism and their impact on education is discussed. The most important principle in ontology pragmatists, "the change "that meets the changing and everything is changing Pragmatic view of human life balance and continuous world. Humans are not separate from nature. This school over other schools of education focused on the problem of human existence. In this view of the philosophy of education theory in the broad sense of the word. Pragmatists are active in school and student activist. Education consists of rehabilitation of individual experiences in his life is going. This approach is child-centered education. The teacher's role in guiding and fellow students. Introduction philosophy of pragmatism (ontology and anthropology) and business-based training and the ability to review and explore the strengths and weaknesses of educational philosophy of Pragmatism is the subject of this article and also The overall aim of the study: Evaluation of the ontology School Pragmatism and Its Impact on Education.

The devastation caused by malaria in the sub-Saharan African countries has led to alarming and unprecedented search for cure, especially herbals. This has prompted the evaluation of bark extract of E. chlorantha though a known anti-malarial agent for other therapeutic effects. Thirty-two mature male albino rats weighing between 90 – 120g were randomly grouped into four with eight rats per group and administered 0, 200, 400, and 600mg/kg of the extract per body weight for 30 days through oral gavage. Results showed that there were significant effects (P < 0.05) of E. chlorantha treatment on sperm quality but weight of epididymes and testes revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Hormonal profile also showed significant differences (P < 0.05) on treatment but the dosage administered should be monitored. Correlation result revealed that there were significant positive relationships between sperm count and follicle stimulating hormone (0.686*), sperm viability and prolactin level (0.958**), follicle stimulating hormone and testosterone (0.687*) while a negative correlation were observed between weight of testis and luteinizing hormone (-0.740*), luteinizing hormone and progesterone (-0.814*) and between follicle stimulating hormone and progesterone (-0.704*). Succinctly, our results are suggestive of the fact that E. chlorantha is a multipurpose medicinal herb as it can be used as an anti-malarial agent and fertility booster, especially when administered at lower dosages.

In this paper, we prove the existence of mild solutions for fractional semilinear integro- differential systems with infinite delay in ?-norm in Banach spaces. The results are obtained by using Banach contraction principle and Schauder's fixed point theorem. In the end, we give an example to illustrate the applications of the abstract results.

In this work, an experimental study to obtain the fatigue endurance limit for an aluminum alloy7075-T651 were carried out at stress ratio R=-1 and rotary bending tests. The fatigue tests were performed at RT and 250 °C in order to establish the S–N curve equations. The fatigue endurance limits for the alloy at different temperature conditions were calculated at 107 cycles from the empirical S-N curve equations. It was found that the fatigue endurance limit decrease with increasing the temperature. Also The effect of shot peening on the rotating bending fatigue behavior of 7075-T651 was studied. The fatigue strength of specimens tested at250oC at 107cycles is reduced about 12%. The fatigue strength of specimens tested at250oC prior to (10 min.) SP at 107cycles is increased by 7.2%. The roughness of the samples increases after shot peening which leads to the deterioration of the fatigue strength, because the surface of the samples become prone to nucleation of cracks.

The Baylis-Hillmann reaction of 8-formyl-7-hydroxy furyl chromones on react with Acrylonitrile in DABCO/CHCl3 medium under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature gives of 2-(2-furyl)-3-methyl-4oxo-4H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromene-9-carbonitrilies (4a-h) in good yields.

In this paper output force controlling for three degree freedom (DOF) surgical robotic arm by using genetic algorithm with PID controller. The aim of the controller is to improve and adjust the output force of the arm and optimization parameters such as kp, ki and kd by Genetic Algorithm without hid and trail method is taken. The optimization design methods often consider the system requirements for quickness, reliability, and accuracy. This robot is used in the field of surgery. So surgical robotic arm require don’t oscillate and no max. Overshoot. This paper performs to reduce the oscillation, max. Overshoot, settling time and improves stability of system.

Reversible logic is suitable for the design of various logics, functions which indeed has lower power consumption and improved speed. In this research work the testable reversible realization of multiplexers, demultiplexers, flip flops and shift registers is done using new testable reversible gate (NTG), which combines feynman gate and Haghparast Navi Gate (HNG). The flip flops are the basic element for any sequential circuit design. The various flip flops are designed using the reversible logic with the appropriate combination and are used as base element for the design of shift registers. The results from the proposed testable reversible multiplexers and demultiplexers show the 10% reduction in power and also 2% delay improvement as compared to Rgate reversible logic. The sequential elements i.e. flip flops and registers using proposed method show 10% power reduction and 5% speed improvement as compared to designs using Rgate logic. A single unit of combinational and sequential logic is designed for delay and power improvement, practically this can be utilized in the large designs to reduce power consumption and delay to a considerable value. Reversible logic is becoming more and more prominent as the technology sets higher demands on heat, power, scaling and stability. Currently, computations are commonly irreversible, even though the physical devices that execute them are fundamentally reversible.

Peri-urban cultivated areas of many cities in Pakistan are being irrigated from municipal and industrial wastewater since long. Similarly wastewater of Nullah Lai is also being used for irrigation in Rawalpindi. Wastewater and soil samples were collected from six locations of Rawalpindi districts for investigating fungal diversity. Eight fungal species were found in these soils. The most common fungal strains were Aspergillus sp., Acremonium sp., and Chaetomium sp. To isolate the fungi in different soil samples, sterilization technique, serial dilution and spread plate technique were used. Presence of fungi was detected in the different soil samples on the bases of morphological characteristics, percentage frequency, growth rate and colony forming units. The results obtained showed that most widely distributed fungi in soil samples were Aspergillus sp. Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus grew well in contaminated soil containing heavy metals. This ability of Aspergillus makes it attractive potential candidate for further investigation regarding its ability to remove metals from contaminated soil. The usage of untreated wastewater in agricultural land put harmful effects on soil physical, chemical properties and biodiversity. To recognize health risk due to wastewater usage for irrigation, treat the wastewater to the recommended level.