Archives-J 

In this paper we present a new method to compute the determinants of matrices of order 4. This method computes the determinant of matrices of order 4 by using the schemes.

Condensation of ethyl acetoacetate 2 with thiosemicarbazide 1a gave hydrazone derivative 4 not pyrazolone 5. Pyrazolone 5 can be obtained by treatment of 4 with 5 % sodium hydroxide in ethanol. Reactions of 4 with phencyl bromide, aryl diazonium chloride , arylidene malononitrile afforded pyrazole derivatives 6, 7 and pyranopyrazole 8 respectively. Also, treatment of 4 with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA) gave compound 11 not 9 nor 10. Reactions of pyrazole derivatives 6 with arylidene malononitrile afforded condensed compound 15 which was obtained by reaction with aromatic aldehydes. While reaction of 6 with DMFDMA gave the corresponding enamine 16.

In recent years, marine oil pollution resulting from exploitation spills and accidents during oil transportation and use has affected the marine ecosystem safety, and oil polluted sea water remediation becomes a global problem. Peanut shell possesses a good property of adsorption pollutants and it can be easily obtained from the abundant produce of peanut all around the world. This experiment used carbonized peanut shell (CPS) as adsorbent; aiming to purify oil polluted sea water and explore optimal adsorption conditions and effects. Six sets of experiments were done under the initial oil concentration of 1.35 mg/L and CPS dosages of 0, 6.67, 13.33, 20, 26.67, 33.33 g/l, separately. Seventy percent of oil was removed under the ideal dosage of 13.33 g/l, getting the minimum oil concentration of 0.39 mg/l. Another six sets of experiments were also done under the adsorption time of 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 hand the same CPS dosage of 13.33 mg/l. The ideal removals of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (35.5%) and oil (71%) were obtained after 3 hours adsorption, while the highest COD removal gets to 47.5%.

Crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KAP), a semi-organic compound, have been grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature from aqueous solution in the presence of mono valent metal ionic impurities Ag+, Li+ and Na+. Elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) proves the incorporation of these impurities into the grown crystals. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the phase formation and metal ions doping into KAP crystals. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) show the onset decomposition temperatures to be 255, 258, 238 and 272°C for pure and Ag+, Li+ and Na+ doped KAP crystals respectively. Microhardness studies revealed that Na-KAP crystals have higher hardness values than all the doped crystal. All the crystal exhibited the second harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency. The grown crystals were also subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy studies and dielectric studies. Among the three investigated metal ion impurities, Na+ ion seem to have positive influence on the growth, mechanical, thermal, dielectric and SHG characteristics of KAP which makes it suitable for limited level of applications.

In the present era of globalization with increased opportunities and easy and free movement of workforce, companies are striving hard to retain their employees to get the best out of them. It is considered that a committed workforce is an asset to the organization. What are the factors which influence employees’ commitment towards organization is a much debated aspect in the management field. A good number of literatures on organizational commitment opine that organizational commitment is a psychological attachment of the members of an organization including a sense of job involvement, loyalty and belief in the values of the organization. On the other hand it indicates that a committed employee is one who accepts the organizational goals and willing to exert effort on behalf of the organization. An employee, who is affectively committed, strongly identifies with the goals of the organization and desires to remain the part of the organization. This study makes an effort to analyse the relationship between the behavioral aspects of the employees such as performance, loyalty, satisfaction with the organizational commitment as well as the relationship between the behavioral aspects with the personal attributes such as age, gender, position and length of service. The study reveals that there is a strong positive relation between the organizational commitment and performance, loyalty and satisfaction while there is no significant relationship between the behavioral aspects and the personal attributes.

This study performed to programs presentation for environmental management of Maharloo Lake by SWOT method. This lake with an area of 600 sq.km is located 27 km southeast of Shiraz. The lake water is used for extraction of normal salt. It is considered a suitable and valuable habitat for migratory birds and wild animals. Environmental management processes include 4 steps. In order to gather information about the area, some method employment included: the Department of the Environment of the province, indigenous publications, library, Internet and questionnaires. The main purpose of SWOT analysis is to identify those internal and external factors in achieving the goals and those are important. In this method, information divided in two categories, 1: Internal factors, including strengths and weaknesses, which can be identified by internal factors matrix. 2: external factors including Opportunities and threats for environment, those factors can be identified by the external factors matrix. According to SOWT strategies, we designed best strategies regional management of Maharloo Lake.

Quantum chemical calculations offer the real promise of being able to complement experiment as a means to uncover and explore new areas in chemistry. One of such is its use in the determination of molecular structure, kinetics and reactivity. This work seeks to investigate the molecular properties of Oxygen monofluoride (OF) and its two possible protonated analogues (HOF+ and HFO+). Quantum chemical methods; Hartree fock (HF), Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP), Moller-Plesset second order (MP2), Coupled Cluster method (CCSD) and Gaussian 04 method (G4) with varying basis sets were employed in the determination of the parameters (Dipole moment, bond distance, IR frequency, zero point vibrational energy, and rotational constants) reported for the three molecular species studied in this work. Bond angle was reported for the two protonated analogues (HOF+ and HFO+). From the results as compared to the experimental values, B3LYP/6-311++G** method proves itself as the best method in the optimization and frequencies calculations of the OF, HOF+ and HFO+ because it gives better accuracy in most of the calculated parameters and the MP2 method also give relative accuracy in some of the calculated parameters of OF and its protonated analogues, HOF+ and HFO+. The optimized geometry shows the OF molecule to be linear while the protonated analogues were non-linear.

Knowledge inspires human behaviours and actions and also influences the nature and directions of development. The study of knowledge [sources and contents] technically known as epistemology is traditionally rooted in philosophy. However, this branch of philosophy being bedeviled with much controversy has shredded scholars into various groups and created relationship impasse between them. Consequently, modern direction of development became adversely affected with its emphasis on the material aspect of mankind and nature. This method reduces the spiritual/ metaphysical aspect of mankind and nature to state of triviality in modern development. Thus we suffer personality crisis as we live without knowledge of ourselves and our world. Therefore, this paper betook itself to explore a complementary epistemology based on the spiritual aspect of human nature. This model is couched in Carl Jung’s Psycho-Religious ideality. The paper discovers through Histo-religious and philosophical investigations that the centerpiece of Jung’s epistemology/metaphysics hinges on ‘Collective unconscious. Jung’s epistemology oscillates between psychology, sciences, philosophy, various religious traditions and mythology and he uses the composite knowledge of these disciplines to guide humanity in her desire for holistic knowledge. Against this backdrop, this paper concludes that if Jung’s Psycho-Religious epistemology is explored as a complementary epistemic system for the 21st Century, then humanity would have attained a holistic knowledge of herself and nature and this will reduce the violation of all lives and in consequence facilitates a balanced development.

This paper presents the theoretical framework underlying the analysis of EFL reading instructional methods in relation to preparation for content area reading in English within the EFL context. The framework used in this paper is based on Richards and Rodgers’s (2001) model of method of analysis of language teaching which was adapted to suit the analysis of the method of EFL reading instruction reflected in EFL curriculum documents. At the level of Approach, the analysis of method of EFL reading instruction was described in terms of theories of SLA and L2 reading theories. At the level of Design, the analysis of method of EFL reading instruction was described in terms of types of reading tasks, the level of cognitive demand of reading tasks, and types and length of reading passages.

Field Studies were conducted in order to determine the component of yield and response of soybean to soil applied Zinc and phosphorus in the Charnockitic soil of Ekiti State Nigeria. Three ZnSO₄ treatments 0,2 and 4kg/ha were applied to soybean in2006-2007 and grain yield was consistently and significantly increased by the 2kg/ha ZnSO₄ treatment. Three phosphorus treatments 0, 30 and 60kg/ha were applied to soybean in 2006-2007, but only 30kg/ha P treatment increased grain yield significantly in 2006-2007. 30kg P/ha applied increased leaf P in the charnockitic soil.