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Energy is the primary need of any society. It is consumed in transportation, in industries and for the heating, lighting and water-pumping etc. To fulfil its energy demand, our society is dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas. But fossil fuels are conventional resources and are depleting fast. Therefore, it is necessary to find some alternatives sources, so as to fulfil the ever increasing demand for energy. This demand can be fulfilled by utilizing renewable energy sources. This paper studies various types of available non-conventional energy sources. It also includes a brief review of the work done by different researchers on mathematical modeling of solar irradiance.

In this article we are examining how new social challenges and demands towards education and teachers change education institutions with modern aims and social contracts. We are going to depict the characteristics or qualities of ‘ideal teachers’ by exploring recent literature with the results of a survey. In the fast changing world of the early twenty first century public education is also changing. As part of the changes the role of higher education will also be different both in the educational system and in this society. The role of teachers will also change. In the survey teachers reveal their professional aims and needs for the future. Finally, we are going to explore teachers knowledge base in the twenty first century in higher education system.

These studies focus on firing temperature and mineralogical analysis of the ancient pottery sample collected from the recently excavated site Pilaiyarpalaiyam in Tamilnadu, India. Clay was prepared which consists of quartz, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, feldspars and iron oxides. The samples were subjected analysis as in the received state. The characterization studies for the analysis of the composition of the pottery using FT-IR and XRD analysis reveals the skill and style of the artisan lived in the ancient civilization. The firing temperature and the firing conditions adopted at the time of manufacturing of the pottery also determined. The Pilaiyarpalaiyam samples might have been fired in the range of 800 °C.

In this paper, we study Lu’s system, and we study the stability of equilibrium point of Lu’s system. Then, we study chaos synchronization of Lu’s system by using adaptive control methods.

Whereas any delay in the civil projects result in the consumption of the state resources, decrease of profit, and loss of the opportunities, recognition of the delay factors will be of fundamental importance. In this study, after studying some of the dam-making projects of Kermanshah Province, 9 factors were introduced as the principal factors as follows with the respective priority and effectiveness: 1- Lack of suitable financing 2- Difficulties concerning ownership of lands 3- Postponed payments due to contractors 4- Lack of enough skill and experience in some of the contractors and week management practiced by them 5- Lack of efficient human force 6- Lack of materials 7- Lack of machinery 8- Inconsideration of the project shortfalls by the Client 9- Economic status and raised prices.

Thin film patterned CdS is considered to be as the most promising semiconducting materials among various structures because of its tunable physical properties which leads the material to the recent applications such as solar cells, sensors, hydrogen storage devices, modulators etc. Moreover, in order to form CdS thin films chemical bath deposition techniques is one of the easiest method among various techniques. It is due to the fact that it has many advantages such as simplicity, no requirements for sophisticated instruments, minimum wastage, economical way of large area deposition, no need of handling poisonous gases and possibility of room temperature depositions. With these advantages in mind an attempt has been made to deposit device quality CdS thin films at various temperatures by CBD technique. The thicknesses of the deposited films have been determined by gravimetry. The structural characterization is carried out by X-ray diffraction. The study confirms the polycrystalline nature of films with hexagonal structure. The structural parameters such as grain size, dislocation density, strain and lattice parameters have been evaluated. The composition of various constituents in CdS films have been determined by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical properties like optical transmittance, band gap and refractive index has been studied in detail for the CdS films of various thicknesses.

Waste management process involves the collection, transportation, processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of waste materials. waste management relates to materials produced by human activity and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their upshot to the environment and the human health. Waste management is a distinct performance from recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources. Recycling involves the gathering and reuse of waste materials, The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Recycling may be collected separately from general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams. Solid wastes are a by-product of a broad spectrum of industrial, service and manufacturing processes. Primary products used by households that can be recycled include the metals, wood, paper, leather, textile among many also recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost as for agricultural or landscaping purposes. This study will explore boulevards which are used by resident of Kisii town to be able to recycle their refuse and sustain proper environmental conditions which in turn reduce the diseases associated with the environment.

Using a combine implement for open furrows , seeds planting and fertilization is very important implement to conduct more than one process or operation in one field pass at the same time where the combine equipment open suitable furrow to grow any crop and also considered as special tillage implement. The combine implements save time, cost and potential, and decrease traffics and, labors and improve soil physicals properties and plant yields. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of deferent furrow depths and speeds of machinery unit using a locally assembled combine equipment on planting maize. The tractor which was used in this study is New Holland TD80. Two machinery speeds included 7.44 and 9.53 km?hr which represent main plot and two Furrow depths included 5-15 and 15-25 cm which represent sub plot were used in this study. Field efficiency, Leaf area, 300 seed weight, and maize yield were measured in this experiment. Split plot design under Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this stud . Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compare the mean of treatment. The results can be summarized as Fallow; 9.53 km ? hr speed gave lower Field efficiency stood (63.45)% and higher maize yield stood (9.65) t ?h . 5 - 15 cm furrow depth gave higher Field efficiency stood (66.69)% and greater Leaf area stood (0.53) m2 while 15-25 cm furrow depth gave higher maize yield stood (5.53) t ?h. The interaction between the speed and furrow depth, has impacted significantly on all plant properties except 300 seed weight. Using the locally assembling combine implement for planting corn, fertilizing and open furrows is successfully done.

Register as one of the main issues in translation studies has been a topic of some discussions lately and most of the translation researchers have been in favor of it and used it to assess the translations quality or find ways to translate register. However, there is a sever lack of research on the impact of some factors on translation of register that that factor in current study is interpersonal intelligence. To this end, the researcher aimed at finding out the relationship between interpersonal intelligence and translation of register in different characters. The study contains a pool of 28 students participated as the source of data including two groups of experimental and control. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was administered where SPSS V18 was used for statistical analysis. Having separately assessed the students’ performances in two groups in two session of pre-test and post-test after two different terms on the tests based on Gardner’s and Kim’s assessment criteria, the researcher found a positive moderate correlation between the two variables of instruction of interpersonal intelligence and translation of register. according to comparison of relationship between two groups it is discovered that in experimental group that there was treatment (instruction of interpersonal intelligence), the amount of increase in scores was much more than that of control group that was not instructed interpersonal intelligence. Therefore, the study showed that having a high interpersonal intelligence and instructing of it could effect on knowing the verbal and non-verbal feeling of the characters and translating their register and variety of languages best.

The present study examined the prevalence of vocabulary level on reading comprehension performance among EFL language learners. The ultimate intention was to determine the association between levels of vocabulary knowledge as well as was to clarify the relationship among vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension performance of EFL Iranian students on subtest of VLT and IELTS. The quantitative data were collected from 220 EFL Iranian adult students at the beginning of second semester of 2011in BAHAR institute, Shiraz, Iran. The Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) and Reading Comprehension Test (IELTS) were performed in one session as research instruments. The findings indicated that there were positively relationship among different levels of vocabulary levels test and also test score on vocabulary size/breadth of vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension were positively correlated.