Archives-December 

Scientific, historical, and interpretive methods to conduct the study. We intend to answer the questions below: How can the time of Vitruvius be interpreted? How did Vitruvius conceptualize architecture? What did Vitruvius emphasize most on in his study? Are there any surviving buildings from the time of Vitruvius, and if there are, how exactly do they fit the explanations of Vitruvius? What can we offer our peers as results of this study? Did he, in fact, ever live and is there really a book called De Architectura? It is argued that neither such a book nor the author existed in the first century before the birth of Jesus. This study’s hypothesis is that neither the man nor the book De Architectura existed. We intend to criticize the sources and attempt to reveal the truth on the subject.

An innovative method for the decomposition of the elastic constant tensor into its irreducible parts is presented. The norm concept of elastic constant tensor, norm ratios and irreducible decomposed parts of elastic constant tensor are used to study the anisotropy of tool steel, rock types and the relationship of their structural properties and other properties with their anisotropy are given. Finally the results are indicated.

This review describes the concept of Sustainable Development with emphasis on company’s approaches towards improving environmental performance and the effect of environmental legislation on the company’s performance. A proactive approach towards improving environmental performance often leads to improvement in company’s performance because resources are optimally utilised, and there is diversification in business activities through the creation of vital products from waste. Other benefits include excellent public image, reduction in the cost of landfill or landfill tax, avoidance of environmental fines, and availability of sufficient time to plan for the possible changes in the future. Environmental Management Systems and Life Cycle Analysis/Assessment of products are some of the fundamental measures required to take a proactive approach towards improving environmental performance and company’s performance. With various evidence obtained from some multinational corporations, this review confirms that the benefits of a proactive approach towards improving environmental performance of any organisation outweighs its cost.

In higher education, no in-depth studies have been identified that investigate the vocabulary of Undergraduate Engineering students. This study investigated undergraduate students’ English vocabulary with special reference to certain sociological factors in an Engineering college located in Tamilnadu, India. The research findings show that the students’ vocabulary strength differs based on gender, locality of living, medium of instruction, general reading habit. Based on above mentioned factor hypotheses were formulated and tested in this research study and the findings have been given as the outcome of the study. The research results indicate that students are having only limited vocabulary and much focus to be given to vocabulary else students cannot develop their language proficiency.

The biggest killer is not AIDS or cancer but psychological problems, and we see that very high level of stress found in bank employees. The banking sector is becoming increasingly competitive around the country and the level of product and service quality being offered to customer is almost same. Hence, the bank management adds more responsibilities on the shoulders of employees, resulting into a pressure on them, with increasing psychological problems i.e. stress, strain, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, etc. This situation, in which the employees have little or no sense of identification with their job, can cause an individual looking for another job or don’t perform efficiently their own. Therefore, it is very difficult for management that how to maintains bank employees’ ability to develop successful performance with their organization under present conditions. In this juncture, the present study is undertaken to address specific problems of private bank employees related to occupational stress. This throw light in to the pathogenesis of various problems related to occupational stress among bank employees. The study will be helpful to drawn up further policy on the related fields and act as a secondary data for further research.

This paper explains the process of measuring and analyzing Bank Total Productivity (BTP) and the productivity changes in bank braches using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Slack Based Measure (SBM) and Malmquiest Productivity Index (MPI) in Export Development Bank of Iran (EDBI). For this purpose, we have measured and analyzed the productivity growth in EDBI branches using MPI in the period of 1994-2005. The trend of efficiency scores’ moving averages confirms improvement in BTP over the period of study. Moreover, the results show %1 and %2 on average improvement in the productivity of EDBI branches in period 2004 and 2005, respectively.

EOR method evaluation is performing for petroleum gravity, stone type, and tank humectant and tank localities conditions for liquid injection. When the water inject to the tank the interaction could be performed in different ways, if the is humectant, penetrated water canexit petroleum from tank, which is because of capillary absorption. The studies have been done on the tube lines, land and the metal workforces that are related to the oil and gas industries, shows that in most cases, weld lines and edge of a sharp regions has been influencing on location of corrosion and eroding of effective thickness of coating film. In this study we studied EOR methods for dense oil recovery from mold in the breakage tanks. Analyze and comparison of recovery with capillarity of salty water, polymeric solution and hot water on different sample of rocks showed high recovery of dense row oil in the EOR methods, and it is more detected in the diluted row oil. Oil (diluted) can recover by water injection in the sand stone condition and with chemical matter and thermal methods.

Colic metaplasia of the bladder urothelium is a rare benign tumor. It is most often asymptomatic and discovered in a prolonged chronic inflammatory context. However, there are some rare proliferative forms with a polypoid aspect more or less exuberant. We report a case of colonic metaplasia of the bladder mucosa producing a pseudo-tumoral appearance, with review of the literature.

Comparative study of stress intensity factor (SIF) for modes I, II and III were investigated for some engineering materials. The materials are alumina, iron, mild steel, low carbon steel, stainless steel, concrete, silica glass and PVC. Special crack-tip element method was implemented to evaluate the stress intensity factor (SIF) for centre, single-edge and double-edge crack for various values of shear modulus and symmetric crack-tip element size. Different SIF for various modes were compared for these materials and the results from the plots show that low carbon steel for mode III and alumina for mode II have high resistance to crack-growth at 12.43 and 12.2 SIF, respectively between the bounds of shear modulus 1.39 and 2.23. Also alumina for mode I exhibited crack growth at 1.42 SIF and 1.15 bounds of shear modulus. Mode I for mild steel, iron and stainless steel exhibited crack-growth at 0.691 SIF and 1.08 bounds of shear modulus. Mode I is anomalous to crack-tip element size while modes II and III show exponential decay but with crack growth in concrete and abscissa to the coordinate of PVC.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease of unknown etiology and patients with symptomatic lesions usually require treatment. Topical corticosteroids are widely used as the first choice of treatment. Laser therapy is a new method of treatment for symptomatic, resistant oral lesions. CO2 lasers have been used to treat multi-centric lesions and lesions in difficult areas. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of CO2 laser therapy and compare them with topical corticosteroids in the treatment of symptomatic OLP. In this interventional clinical trial ,thirty-six patients with symptomatic OLP were randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group consisted of patients treated with a CO2 laser and the control group consisted of patients who used a topical steroid, namely0.1% dexamethasone mouthwash. The laser group was treated withCO2 laser ablative therapy in2 consecutive sessions during one week, in which2-3mm of normal tissue bordering the lesion was ablated. The control group used the steroid mouthwash 3 times daily in affected sites for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale (VAS) used for pain and discomfort evaluation. Clinical data and treatment responses were graded according to Thongprasom criteria. Patients underwent a follow-up 2 months after the last treatment session to assess for recurrence of lesions. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 15.Chi square tests and repeated measurement tests were used for analysis of appearance score, pain score, and lesion severity modification in this study. The laser group included 4 male and 14 female patients with a mean age of 45.89 years and the corticosteroid group consisted of 6 male and 12 female patients with a mean age of 47.68 years. Total of 112 oral lesion sites in both groups existed. The mean duration of lesion presence in the oral cavity was 5.67 months in the laser group and 5.53 months in the corticosteroid group. At the end of treatment, The mean VAS in the laser group was 4.83 ± 1.098 and in the corticosteroid group was 4.72 ± 1.32. The most common type of lesion according to the Thongprasom criteria had a score of 3 (white steria with atrophic area > 1cm2) in both groups. Chi square tests did not identify any difference between the two groups with respect to mean age and sex distribution (P value >0.05). Appearance scores, pain scores, and lesion severity were reduced in both groups after treatment according to repeated measurement tests, but no significant differences were found between the two groups .However , more accelerated pain reduction was found in the laser group, as indicated by the slope of the repeated measurement graph. No significant differences were observed across groups in terms of the response and relapse rates, according to the Mann-Whitney U test. (P value >.05). This study demonstrated that CO2 laser was as effective as topical corticosteroid therapy and it may be considered as an alternative treatment for symptomatic OLP in the future. Key words: oral lichen planus, CO2 laser, topical corticosteroid