Archives-December 

We are very happy to announce that from 21st February 2011, Dr.Eze Vincent has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Microbiology. Dr.Eze Vincent is currently working Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, P.M.B.7267, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. The appointment of Dr.Eze Vincent as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links with Iran and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

The study was under taken to find out the effect of different organic manure on the yield and carbon sequestration potential of fodder cowpea. Result revealed that green fodder yield were significantly (P<0.01) higher in improved farmyard manure, vermicompost and enriched farmyard manure application. Similarly carbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in improved followed by vermicompost and enriched methods. It was concluded that the application of vermicompost, improved and enriched manure increased fodder yield and sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments.

Satisfaction as one of the most important principles of public participation in rural development is considered, this research was done for study the Effect of Social and economic impact in improving of rural administrators performance for rural residents satisfaction. in this study bases Social of individuals in three dimensions, age, education and social stratification, and economic base in two dimensions, revenue and jobs in improving the performance of rural administrators for rural residents satisfaction were examined. Research methodology was based on descriptive -Analytical methods and parametric tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Means Plots and Independent simplest test by use SPSS software. Questionnaire measuring tool for collection the data from 267 households sample from 11 villages was used, which samples were selected by using of Cochran formula through simple random sampling method. The findings showed that between total Social base factors (age, education and social stratification); four rural administrators in 40-30 years age of rural administrators group, and with 3.20 average, two rural administrators with bachelor's degree and 3.32 average and seven rural administrators in upper stratum of society with 2.95 average and economic base in earnings dimension according to Leuven test (because Fisher’s significance level was lower than 0.05), in dimension of job, except administrators, the most additive effect was related to performance of administrators; according to significant level (more than 5%) performance of rural administrators had a decreasing effect in performing their duties to the satisfaction of rural residents and finally in analysis of general performance of rural administrators bases on rural resident’s view according to Anova test, Bagher Abad-e- Olia, Tang-e- Shohan-e- Olia and Siahkhor villages had a best performance with 3.45, 3.18 and 3.02 average respectively, and in lower ranking, Anjyrak and Gorgi villages had a lower performance between villages of Hassan Abad rural zone for satisfaction of rural residents with 2.7 and 2.47 means respectively.

Temperature influences the life cycle of fruit plant in a variety of manners. Adverse effect of high temperature has been noted during both vegetative and reproductive growth stages in various fruit crops. The best responses for every plant either for vegetative growth or for its reproductive potentials are obtained in the cardinal temperature ranges, which includes minimum, maximum and optimum. The adverse effect of temperature on fruit plants occurs when crosses its limits. These effects are either due to direct injuries or due the reduced activity of enzymes and disturbed metabolic processes.

Previous perspectives have indicated that self disclosure is an indication of intimate relationships. The high incidence of broken homes, non working and unhealthy interpersonal relationships, and multiple partners menace among adolescents around the world, in the recent times require that concerted efforts be geared towards an understanding of the root causes of this problem. This is particularly so because children of such broken homes are often mal-adjusted and constitute problems to the society. This study therefore examined the effects of sexual self esteem and sexual self assertiveness on sexual self disclosure among heterosexual adolescents in Nigeria. A sample of 172 Nigeria undergraduate students randomly selected from among the undergraduate students of the University of Ado Ekiti, Nigeria; whose mean age is 28.2 was used. Four hypotheses were tested and it was found out that sexual self esteem is not a significant factor affecting sexual self disclosure [F(1) 164 = .311, P>.05 ]. It was also revealed that sexual self assertiveness is a significant factor affecting sexual self disclosure [F(1) 164 = 16.594, P<.05]. And it was found out that there is no significant interaction effect of sexual self esteem and sexual self assertiveness on sexual self disclosure among heterosexual adolescents in Nigeria [F(1) 164 =.456, P>.05]. No significant relationship was also found between sexual self esteem and sexual self assertiveness [r(168) =.060, P>.01]. The findings were discussed in light of available literature and it was recommended that sexuality education should be included in schools curricular to enhance the acquisition of sexual life skills for the communication of sex related issues and boost a healthy sexual and interpersonal relationships.

This study analyse efficiency and productivity changes in ECOWAS agriculture using the Hicks-Moorsteen TFP index developed by O’Donnell (2008, 2009, 2010c). This approach has an advantage over the popular Malmquist productivity index in that it is free from any assumptions associated with firm optimising behaviour, the structure of markets, or return to scale. ECOWAS agriculture is inefficient over the entire period as the most of the measures of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency over the entire period considered (1961-2009) have their efficiency estimates that were less than unity. The inefficiency of the measures of pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency over the entire period (1961 - 2009) may be due to weak human assets, a high degree of economic vulnerability, increasing trend towards urbanization, limitation of exports to few commodities, low export earnings, low capital formation, food insecurity and poor rural development as well as ineffective implementation of both regional and national policies due to poor knowledge of the determinants of agricultural productivity and their degrees. The declining behaviour of technical changes (?Tech) over the entire period (1961-2009) reveals that agriculture sector in all ECOWAS member states are not operating on the same point on the production possibilities set as well as changes in the economic, political and social environment of ECOWAS member states as it tends to capture the effects of technological change and the long term effects of inefficiency of both regional and national policies (with the inclusion of agricultural policies over the entire years) among the ECOWAS member states.

In WSN, there are so many sensors, just sends the data to the base station. Base station is the controller of whole WSN. Here this paper shows how BS can communicate to direct closest node as CH and further node can also elected as S-CH. Here CBR protocol used to work on energy consumption based on the format of tree for collecting the data. Represent the chart & C – language implementation of node wise energy consumption both sending as well as receiving. Also node A can communicate to BS direct with distance measurement.

The energy-agriculture relationship is becoming very important in view of an increasing demand for food production to meet the pressure from an ever-increasing population. For these reasons, energy use pattern, energy efficiency, and energy inputs-output relationship were determined for Sesame in north central Nigeria. Data were collected from 120 farmers by using face to-face questionnaire method. The results indicated that total input energy use in sesame production was 2632.4 MJ, which was dominated by human labour energy (24.2%) and organic manure energy (21.1%). The output energy for sesame production was 13750.0MJ and the energy use efficiency ratio was 5.2. The proportion of renewable energy used (56.2%) in the surveyed Sesame farms was slightly higher than the non-renewable energy forms (44.8%), and sesame production in the study area is mainly depended on indirect energy forms. Organic manure was observed to be the most important energy input that influences the yield of Sesame in the study area.

Language development in second language learner using metacognitive strategies is the primary focus of the paper. In this study we explored how the suggested activity affected students’ conceptual knowledge of the domain and improved strategical implications in second language and developed the problem solving ability. The qualitative and quantitative findings proved positive effects of the experiments in facilitating cognitive and metacognitive strategies.

Heavy metal accumulation in waste water could affect aquatic life, human health and overall ecosystem adversely. Therefore, in recent years much emphasis has been given for the use of industrial waste water as low cost adsorbents for the removal of metallic contaminants from waste water. In this paper, the studies on removal of Cu (II) by adsorption on Limonia Acidissima hull powder as adsorbent have been investigated in a batch type experiments. The agitation time, adsorbent dosage, initial copper concentration, and the effect of solution pH are studied. Adsorption mechanism is found to follow Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption behavior is described by second order kinetics. The maximum percentage removal of copper is found to be 72.76 % for 100 ppm at pH=9 and 30⁰ C.