Archives-December 

This research conducted in the Institute of Technical / Mosul / Plant Production Department, using the method of analysis of spatial and temporal of the lands covered by the desertification in the province of Nineveh, which were Baaj, Al-Hadar, Telapta and Al-Shemal region . Was reached through a study that desertification is a form of degradation which affects lands in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iraq, including Nineveh province, under the influence of natural factors ( environmental ) which is not suitable , such as climate factors , which include high temperature , atmospheric drought, low rate of relative humidity, intensity and direction of the wind in summer season , the high value of evaporation , drought of soil , low rates fall Raining in winter , the intensification of solar radiation ,high temperature, great warming disparity between winter and summer and between day and night , changes in atmospheric pressure , addition to the lack of water surfaces , drought of valleys . Thus these factors combined caused the demolition of the soil profile, the soil structure and the cohesion of the particles due to the demise of organic matter which associated the soil particles were represented by humus material, which leads to a decline in the productivity of the land and the impact on food security. Either human factors , they include in mainly form environmental pollution due to excessive exhaust of natural resources , loss of the phenomenon of the natural balance and self-renewal in the biosphere , not rationalize the consumption due to population increase , expansion of human activities , not applying the clean technology , increasing the use of polluted traditional energies , which produced the polluted matter as solid, liquid and gaseous which caused an imbalance in the ecosystem which is global warming, as well as the misuse of the land environmentally and mechanically in the cultivated operations of soil and crop with the following traditional irrigation methods which caused the increase of soil salinity also overgrazing non alternately, methods of deforestation , which forest is green belt , windbreaks to dust and sand storms . As a result of the interaction of environmental with human factors that the reaction is reflected in the form of the ecological imbalance called desertification. Through spatial analysis was evaluated the quality of desertification in the region the situation from medium to severe because the soil is still present despite the deterioration of soil fertility , loss of vegetation , low productivity but requires processed quickly otherwise become an a environmental disaster , because the speed of desertification in the region between 5-10 km / year , through the spatial analysis of desertification can be classified ; Baaj in first place Al-Hadar second place , Telapta third place and the Al-Shemal aspect region fourth place, where areas are represented above 20 %, an area of 1,385,843 dunum from total area of farmland on the level of province . This is clearly evident from the survey and spatial analysis, which caused the displacement, harmed (30000) human, in Baaj 134 village and (70) of the village population in others. The destruction of 75% of the livestock in addition to loss of biodiversity and degradation of soil and vegetation cover. Through the temporal analysis for areas covered by desertification can be seen that the time series between 1941-1985 was rainfall at; 338 ml / year. Can be conclude that during the 44 years the rate of precipitation is not suitable for the needs of agriculture , particularly crops of wheat , barley and natural grassland except with implemental irrigation , which did not witnessing the areas above then the phenomenon of desertification , where continued Londoner rates fall of rain water that reached 130 mm / year for the period of time confined between 1996 to 2000 where not harvested winter cereal crops , between 2002-2012 were the rainfall vibrant, through(11) years reached as average 303,7 ml/ y and the year 2013 increased the rainfall to 472,9 ml/ y ,through the past years increased temperatures rates , increased heat waves, hot days in summer as well as the irregular distribution rainfall , increased frequency of droughts ,increased their intensity in the region , was the very severe of drought in 2008 reached severity -2.48 by techniques of standard precipitation index (SPI) also increased sandstorms in terms of repetition and intensity reached 32 storm , as well as sintering heaven 71 days of dust thick , were critical stage in the water requirement for cereal crops in 2001 , either increased evaporation value in the year 2000 is the highest ,average of relative humidity 52% for years2002-2012,the falling dust was 13gm/m2/month in 2012 and suspended dust in atmosphere as average 1,394 microgram/m3, this was highest rate by comparison with Baghdad &Basrah proninces.The result of non-stability of environmental status and vibrant raining through past years, where decreased groundwater recharge and their levels, also increased their salinity and degraded the quality . The negative impact of climate factors within the time series reflected negatively on soil and deteriorated their physical, chemical, and biological properties, causing desertification which negative reflected on winter farming production and vegetation cover.

A second order partial differential equation occurring frequently in applied mathematics is the wave equation. A generalization of this equation inevitably arises in many mathematical analyses of phenomena involving the propagation of waves in continuous media. Here, we applied the wave differential equation to investigate and explain neural communication using the nervous system. On application of Bloch nuclear magnetic resonance theory, a linear 1-dimensional homogeneous second order partial differential equation, as a model, is obtained which represents a nerve set in a vibrational motion. Analytical results from the solution of the differential equation show that the transmission of nerve impulses is not a flow of electrons, as in the case of electric current, but a wave of electrical activity travelling along the neurone. A three dimensional pictoral representation of the results further explains the phenomenon clearly.

Companies around the globe, big and small desperately want to unlock the secrets of innovation at a reasonable cost, because innovation provides the only sure path to sustainable growth. Today we all are surrounded by data - data from various sources, from banking data to GPS signals on our smart phones. and from other countless sources. According to McKinsey report this is ‘Big Data’ and it is the next frontier for innovation in diverse fields. By changing what and how we see, big data is reshaping everything coming under its ‘Midas’ touch. Many companies are already using big data to create value. Big data allows organizations to create highly specific segmentations to tailor products and services precisely to meet the needs of the customers in those segments. Big data enables companies to enhance existing business models and innovate new models, products, and services. Manufacturers are developing the next generation of products and to create innovative after-sales service offerings based on data obtained from the use of actual products. By mining big data, companies can develop insights and identify micro-markets that represent opportunities for growth. Big data will act as the source for large amount of technology based innovation. The focus of this paper is to look at how big data is connected to technology based innovation in various sub-functions of retailing like marketing, technologies at the point of sale, merchandising, operations, supply chain and new business development.

In this study, Fusarium oxysporum AUMC9264 was isolated from Lupinustermis L. which was identified by a morphological method and 18S rDNA sequence comparison. Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used for activation and subcultures of the fungal isolate while, Potato Dextrose Broth medium (PDB) used for metabolite production. The fungal extracts were tested in vitro for their Antimicrobial effects against some strains of bacteria and fungi. Ergosterol was isolated from the crude extract and elucidate according to 1H-NMR and its mass spectrometry analysis, n-Hexan fraction was identified by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry.

Subterranean termites Odontotermes sp. and Trinervieus sp. modify the soil properties through their mound- building activities, subterranean galleries, storage chambers, aggregate formation, aeration, organic content and soil fertility. Gut of subterranean termites are structured habitats with numerous microniches created by a combination of host and microbial activities with rich population of diazotrophs. The Azotobacter isolates of Odontotermes sp. and Trinervieus sp. worker caste showed a positive response in the production of enzyme dehydrogenase and biological exopolysaccharide. Biological exopolysaccharide producers influence soil quality cum plant growth increasing agricultural productivity.

This research focused on determination of buckling stress values of internally pressurized unstiffened imperfect thin cylindrical shell under axial compression. The method of solution was carried out by the use of nonlinear large deflection theory and the effect of initial imperfections in the strain-displacement equations was considered. The Ritz method was used to determine the buckling stress parameter of the shell. Numerical examples were carried out ; it was found that as imperfect ratio increases, the buckling stress values decreases at constant wavelength ratio, deflection parameters, radius of curvature, internal pressure and thickness of the shell. However, with the use of varying values of imperfect ratio, wavelength ratio, deflection parameters and thickness of the shell at constant internal pressure and radius of curvature, the buckling stress values progressively to a maximum point known as the critical value and then depreciate progressively. This nonlinear analysis in the Ritz method and the imperfect ratio is responsible for the behaviour of the cylindrical shell.

In the present investigation an attempt was made to test the antibacterial activity in the coelomic fluid of the epigeic species of earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae and the anecic species of earthworm, Polypheretima elongata. The Eudrilus eugeniae was collected from Selvam Vermicomposting farm, Udumalpet, Tamil Nadu, India. Likewise, the Polypheretima elongata was also collected from the soil of National college campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Both worms were identified by following standard taxonomical key characters. After identification, both worms were cultured under favorable laboratory condition for 30 days providing the food material consisting of 50% predeomposed organic waste and 50% predecomposed cow dung in separate cement tanks. At the end of 30 days a pool of 20 healthy worms was selected from both cultures for the extraction of coelomic fluid. Later on, the fluid was extracted by electric shock method employing 9 volt electrode. The extracted coelomic fluid (100%) was used to test the antibacterial activity against two gram positive bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one gram negative bacterium namely E.coli. Among the selected bacterial strains, the coelomic fluid of Eudrlus eugeniae and Polypheretima elongata showed the maximum inhibition zones 7.01 ± 0.28mm and 2.43 ± 0.38 mm against Staphylococcus aureus respectively when compared to inhibition zones 2.35 ± 0.31 mm and 2.28 ± 0.29 mm; 2.66 ± 0.31 mm and 1.35 ± 0.17 mm produced by Eudrilus eugeniae and Polypheretima elongata against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E.coli respectively. Besides that the coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae exhibited more inhibition activity than the zone (3.70 ± 0.13mm) produced by the positive control (standard antibiotic, penicillin) against Staphylococcus aureus. But at the same time there is no remarkable difference between the inhibition zone of the coelomic fluid of Polypheretima elongata and the positive control experiment against all the bacterial strains tested. However, the control experiment showed more inhibition zone (3.97 ± 0.24 mm) than the inhibition zone produced by the coelomic fluid of Polypheretima elongata against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As for the present study the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus activity is highly inhibited by the coelomic fluid of both species of earthworms than the other bacterial strains tested even though there is remarkable difference in the size of zone of inhibition. The data were statistically analyzed at 5.0% level employing ANOVA.

In this paper, the United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods in Geneva-1980 is compared to Iranian Law and UNCTAD/ICC rules. Topics such as concepts and general definitions, scope of convention, combined transport documents, guarantees and liability of consignor, legal status of risky cargos, responsibility of carrier or forwarder, duration and scope of responsibilities of carrier are studied. Several questions are answered, that include: 1- Is the responsibility of carrier in Geneva Convention and Iranian legal rules are based on fault or not? 2- Is the legal nature of combined forwarder’s obligation is obligation of results or obligation of means? ultimately the carrier’s responsibility arising out of the other’s action (laborers, representatives), exemption cases of carrier arising out of the other’s action, carrier rights, litigations and lapse of time are investigated.

This study was designed to determine the compliance of patient to resupply date in using ‘short-messaging-system’ as medication collection reminder system.  Patient receiving Gutt Ciclosporin 0.5% was included in the study. Patient with collection date of Gutt. Ciclosporin 0.5% preparation from January 2015 to August 2015 was classified as pre-intervention data while collection date from September 2015 to April 2016 was classified as post-intervention data. The intervention consists of messaging patient 1 day before of the production day. Patient’s collection date was recorded. The difference in production date and collection date was weighted and categorised according to modified Morisky scale. There was significant improvement in patients adherence to collection of Gutt Ciclosporin ?2=6.19, P=0.012 on production date after implementation of the SMS. The compliance means score have increased by from 7.28±2.09 to 7.61±2.39. There was also increment by 47.8% to High adherence category and reduction by 47.8% in low adherence category post-implementation. Furthermore there was reduction of 80% in production wastage. This study has shown that the implementation of SMS will have significant improvement in adherence by patient to collection Day 0. Furthermore there was increase in patients Morisky adherence and cost saving in production.

Ryle’s thesis on the mind arises polemically from the mind-body dualism of Rene Descartes. Ryle refers to Descartes dualism as the official doctrine because it was so prevalent amongst theorist and even laymen. Ryle introduces the term the dogma of the ghost in a machine to describe the philosophical concept of the mind as an entity separate from the body, Ryle posited that it is false not in detail but in principle, and that Descartes made a mistake of a special kind by postulating an interaction between the mind and the body in his philosophy of the mind, hence Ryle called it a category mistake. The work presents a historical, evaluative and logical behaviourist account of the human person, that is to say; you can know people based on their public behaviour and it raises critical problems concerning the deceptive nature of the displayed human behaviour. the work presents a beautifully written account of the will, emotion, self-knowledge, imagination and disposition and occurrences. The project unveils the achievement and lapses of Gilbert Ryle’s conception of the mind. It gives a philosophical insight to anyone interested in the nature of human behaviour.