Archives-December  

The 2014 precipitous fall in oil and gas prices by 50% or more set in motion cuts in the healthcare budget by some governments in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region by more than 30%. The aim of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies of international pharmaceutical companies in the MENA region after the 2014 decreases in the healthcare budgets, following the decline in oil and gas prices. The research involved interviews of 6 middle and executive managers working in 2 international pharmaceutical companies located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The cultural intelligence theory constituted the conceptual framework for this study and aided in gaining insight into the challenges associated with implementing marketing and organizational strategies by international pharmaceutical companies in the MENA region. Study participants were required to have 5 years of experience in planning and implementing marketing strategies in the MENA region. The findings from this study may reflect important internal organizational adaptation enacted by successful international pharmaceutical companies. in marketing to culturally diverse customers of the MENA region in the reduced healthcare budgetary environment. The important themes emerging from this study included: (a) recognition of culture and diversity, and (b) the importance of training and learning agility. The results of the study may advance the agenda of improving healthcare of the residents of this region as pharmaceutical and healthcare knowledge benefits the delivery of human health services.

A study was conducted on the structure and diversity of lianas in a chronosequence of Congolese tropical forests in the Yoko Forest Reserve (Tshopo Province, DR Congo). The main objective was to study the dynamics of lianas after the abandonment of agriculture at our site. A chronosequence approach was used to carry out this study. Four forests were considered on the basis of their age: 5-year old forest, 12-year old forest, 20-year old forest and 60-year old forest. The mixed primary forest of unknown age was also retained for comparison. Inventories of lianas with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ? 1 cm on supports were carried out in three 40 m × 40 m plots (totalling 0.48 ha) set up in each of these five forests. The functional traits of the lianas were observed in the field and supplemented by the basic literature. The following results were obtained: - the number of species varied from the 5-year-old forest (i.e. 28 species/0.48ha) to a peak in the 60-year-old forest (i.e. 35 species/0.48ha). As for floristic diversity, the 12-year-old forest had the highest Fisher index value (? = 10.66) and the 20-year-old forest for the Shannon (H = 2.92) and Simpson (D = 0.923) indices. The most abundant families are Dilleniaceae (in the 5-year-old forest), Euphorbiaceae (in the 12-year-old forest and in the 60-year-old forest), Fabaceae (in the 20-year-old forest) and Dichapetalaceae (for the primary mixed forest). And the families with the highest importance value indices are Passifloraceae (5-year forest), Euphorbiaceae (12-year and 60-year forests) and Fabaceae (20-year forest and primary mixed forest). - The density of lianas was positively related to the age of the forest up to around 60 years, after which an older forest was associated with a decrease in the density of liana stems. Furthermore, the density and basal area of the lianas peaked at the age of 60, before beginning to decline. - Most lianas were voluble (49.88%), zoochorous (63.73%) and hemi-heliophilous (47.51%). This pattern emerged in all 5 chronosequence forests in this study. The relative dominance of functional traits changed with forest age, and functional diversity was higher than predicted by the null model framework of species richness (SES MPD > 0) in the 20-year-old forest and the mixed primary forest. 

The aim of the current study was to determine the common physico-chemical parameters ( pH, Electrical Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen content, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total dissolved solids, Hardness, Alkalinity, Acidity) of two different pond water systems - Nainaarkulam and Udaayarpatti kulam at Tirunelveli corporation were analyzed fortnightly from April to June 2019 and found that the water body that receives vegetable garbage, scrap, refuge and organic wastes from the main market of the town was more polluted than the other sites. Both water bodies varied according to the surrounding environments during the period of study. These results were used to inform the common people and decision-makers of the state environmental agencies.

The aim of this investigation is examination relationship between financial ratios changes and stock returns changes in accepted companies in stock security exchange of Tehran. The statistical community of this investigation are accepted company in stock market of Tehran and the statistical sample is consist of 53 active company of different industries during 2007 until 2011. Hypothesizes/ theories are experimented by Smirnoff – calmogorof tests, independent and parsons cohesiveness. The findings indicate that there is significant and weak cohesiveness between cash ratios changes (current and quick ratios) and profitability ratios changes (grass profit/sail and profit/sail) with stock output in stock exchange. Finally, with attention to variable, the regression model is effective.

In this research we synthesized yellow colored salen ligand from the condensation reaction of ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde in absolute ethanol. After this, we synthesized salen and thiocyanate bridging ligand complexes of transition metals including Co(II), Fe(III), Cu(II) and Mn(II). Synthesized compounds were characterized with application of IR, Uv/Vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry and conductivity. Presence of a sharp pick near to 2000cm^-1 supports coordination of thiocyanate ligand to metal center. Shifts in Ir spectra of complexes compared with free ligand refres to coordination on salen ligand to metals via O and N dentates. As a result of ligand coordination to metals, shifts and absorption magnitude in UV/Vis spectra of complexes in the comparison with ligand can be observed. Conductivity measurements revealed that some complexes are ionic compounds. CV characterizations showed that the compounds have reversible and irreversible behaviors.

Various ethyl-2-(2- substituted phenyl hydrazono)-3-oxobutyrate (2a-h) condensation with isonicotinyl hydrazide (i.e. isoniazide) (3) to 1-isonicotinoyl-3-methyl-4-(2-substituted phenylhydrazono)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one (4a-h). The structures of all these compounds (4a-h) were recognized on basis of analytical and spectral data. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi.

This study is based on observation on court-domination , it tries to answer how the governmental organs and their staff who were not chosen by people directly should answer people. The same essay has introduced some concepts of answering, it is to examine some answering goals in the governmental centers and their different aspects. This study is to assign an example as a theoretical form in order to compare some of usual answering systems in the world. The writer, by using the same examples of answering systems in English and America which are two political (parliamentary and boss) systems and those of Pakistan and Bangladesh have explained all details. The writer hops to study the reply systems in the foresaid societies, let us know about these systems and their effects.

This paper discusses the emergence of Sungusungu vigilante group among Abagusii of western Kenya. In doing so the paper appreciates the ineffectiveness of state security agencies in crime prevention and control to its emergence. However, the paper goes further to demonstrate that the social, economic and political changes which the community has experienced since colonial period is equally important in understanding the emergence of this vigilante group.

In this paper we have the space and some properties of this space are studied. It is shown that the conventional Hankel type transform is an automorphism of The generalized Hankel type transform of Gevrey ultradistributions is defined and it is established that the generalized Hankel type transform is an automorphism of . Multiplication on and convolution on are investigated.

This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. It describes the role of financial system development in economic growth at the macro level, both theoretically and empirically. It also describes briefly the relationship of corporate finance and firm performance. It finally concludes the review and presents some policy implications in view of the reviewed literature. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.