Archives-December  

Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material that accumulates near the earth's surface in the form of asphalt springs or in other forms under the act of hydrostatic pressures of oil reservoirs, it will form bitumen mines after undergoing polymerization process. This mineral (organic) matter is in close relationship to oil reservoirs present in the area, i.e. when oil moves or migrates from one place to another place some part of it will be separated and will remain in the form of streaks, lenses and etc. In this work, the exploration of bitumen resources in Saleh-Abad area, Ilam is carried out using geoelectrical data that were gathered in two-dimensional form, exploration drilling data and also geological data. Today the best method for underground studies and mineral explorations is geophysical studies and drilling exploration wells meanwhile. One of the best data acquisition methods in the Geoelectricity is two-dimensional data acquisition or in other words electrical imaging in two dimensions. Tomography or electrical apparent resistivity tomography is a geophysical technique that investigates underground structures in two or three dimensions. The advantage of ERT method in comparison with other traditional and routine methods is that it investigates the changes of electrical apparent resistivity either laterally (constant spacing traversing or CST) or vertically (vertical electrical sounding, VES) in space. Geophysical data acquisition of the mentioned mine was done using dipole-dipole array in two profiles upon which some points were proposed for exploration drilling. Exploration drilling was done in powder method on the geophysical profiles in six 15-meter bores which proved the high precision of apparent resistivity method for bitumen exploration. Interpretation and modeling of two profiles was carried out using RES2DINV and modeling of drilling Logs was done using LOGPLOT that both had a good conformity with geological data and surface outcrops.

Fiscal policy assumes the life-wire, and most critically, of resource volatilized economies, it is facing specific challenges both in the start run as regards microeconomic stabilization and fiscal planning, and in the long run, as regards intergenerational equity and fiscal sustainability. The paper demonstrated the fiscal policy challenges faced by oil Exporting Countries (OECs) in the past, including volatile revenue structure, weak budget system and sending pattern which often have given rise to high inflationary pressure, poor investment and low growth profile. The aim was to identify the weakness in the fiscal policy of oil-rich economies and make empirical assessment of policy impact on their economic growth. The paper revealed that fiscal policy of OECs had not significantly impacted on their economic growth, with more negative influence generated by crude oil prices, which is indicative of serious fiscal volatility and risk. It also showed that inflation and government spending had increased tremendously in oil exporting countries during upswings in oil surpluses and oil prices, suggesting that fiscal policies of OECs tend to be largely driven by government budgets, with less private sector leadership and developed market economic initiative. There appeared to be lack of evidence that fiscal crude oil surpluses accruing to OECs over the years have impacted significantly on economic growth of OECs, and this is indicative of fiscal policy weakness in translating abundant oil revenue into sustainable economic growth. To make a positive policy outcome for sustainable economic development in oil exporting countries, the budget process must be effectively managed, with the aim to decoupling government spending from volatile oil revenue, and institutionalizing private sector-led growth economy. Keywords: fiscal Policy, Oil-exporting Countries, Inflation, Fiscal risk, Cyclicality, Benchmarking.

Dystopia is a totalitarian or a degraded society. The dystopian society is characterized by human misery and oppression. The people of this society lives in constant fear and unhappiness. Dystopian writings become popular in the twentienth century which witnessed various kinds of deprivation and sufferings. Dystopian narratives traditionally achieve their power by reflecting the dominant cultural anxieties of the era in which they were written. This research paper has taken up The Heart Goes Last by Margaret Atwood to examine the various dystopian aspects presented in it. The Heart Goes Last, written as the US economy slowly recovers from a recession, is a cautionary tale about our desire for security. The various dehumanizing and unpleasant pictures presented by Margaret Atwood is carefully analysed. The grave situation is can happen to any society and it foreshadows the inescapable future to come.

Rapid growth of mobile communication over the past years has tremendously increased the number of users which reduces the capacity of the system due to the increase in the number of interferers. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) is one of the promising technologies for future mobile communication. Smart antennas, usually employed at the base station radiate narrow beams to serve different users by using spatial processing. As long as the users are well separated spatially, the same frequency can be reused even when the users are in the same cell. The paper focuses the use of adaptive antenna arrays in CDMA networks to suppress cochannel interference. The training sequence based adaptive algorithms like the LMS, SMI and RLS algorithms are discussed in detail and the effect of number of antenna elements, inter element spacing, effect of number of interferers and the variation in SNR on the training sequence based adaptive algorithms is studied. The beam formation, null steering, maximum side lobe levels and convergence of these algorithms is studied in detail and compared. Keywords- Smart Antenna, LMS Algorithm, SMI Algorithm, RLS Algorithm, Beam Formation, Null Steering.

The aim of this study is to find out the effect of leverages on the profitability of the company. This research is conducted on the cement sector of Pakistan from 2009 to 2015. Degree of financial leverage (DFL) and degree of operating leverage (DOL) are representative of systematic risk and return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as the measure of the profitability. Two models are built to find out the relation between systematic risks with profitability. OLS approach is used in the study. It is found that there is both negative and positive relationship exist within the two models ROA, DFL and DOL and ROE, DFL and DOL respectively.

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Table of contents for the month of November 2012

Table of contents for the month of September 2012

The geometries, electronic structures, polarizabilities, and hyperpolarizabilities of organic dye sensitizer 1,4-Phenylenediacetonitrile was studied based on ab initio HF and Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the hybrid functional B3LYP. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum was investigated by Time Dependent DFT (TDDFT). Features of the electronic absorption spectrum in the visible and near-UV regions were assigned based on TDDFT calculations. The absorption bands are assigned to ???* transitions. Calculated results suggest that the three excited states with the lowest excited energies in 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile is due to photo induced electron transfer processes. The interfacial electron transfer between semiconductor TiO2 electrode and dye sensitizer 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile, is due to an electron injection process from excited dye to the semiconductor’s conduction band. The role of cyanine and methyl group in 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile in geometries, electronic structures, and spectral properties were analyzed.