Archives-December  

A numerical model has been formulated to simulate the capillary tube in split air conditioners of 1 and 2 TR capacities under high outdoor air temperatures. The outdoor air temperature was varied from 35 to 55°C with 5 °C increments. Three environment friendly refrigerants were used as alternatives to R22. They are R290, R407C and R410A. Finite difference method has been adopted in conjunction with EES software. This model is capable of predicting pressure, temperature, quality, velocity and viscosity distributions through the capillary tube for all refrigerants. The geometrical parameters and input conditions to the capillary tube model are extracted from experimental data. These include inner diameter, mass flow rate, surface roughness, temperature and pressure of the subcooled liquid refrigerant.The results show that the capillary choking length increases with increasing outdoor air temperature. Results of the simulation show that R290 needs more capillary length than the other refrigerants investigated, whereas R410A needs less capillary tube length.

Children in middle-class India take important decisions in the home, thereby contributing majorly to household budget contours. From buying white goods and cars, to cell phones and grocery and even insurance policies, children under the age of 13 are deciding which brands their parents should or should not buy. On the other hand parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. The aim of this paper is to study the role of T.V. advertisement targeted to the Children in the purchase decision of the family. Today our market is flooded with advertisements targeted to children specially FMCG, Automobiles, Electronic goods sectors where child artists are used to influence the children watching the advertisements on T.V. and ultimately tell their parents about the product to be purchased. This promotional strategy adopted by many companies today has its pros and cons and the authors will try to discuss the same with the help of a primary study to be conducted in Jalandhar District of Punjab. The authors prepared a Questionnaire and apply descriptive statistics and regression analysis to find the impact of T.V. advertisement targeted to children on family purchase decision.

This paper presents the comparison of hybrid multilevel inverters for different voltage and power applications. Hybrid multilevel inverters improve the number of the output voltage level based on a hybrid connection of power cells. Therefore, a given number of levels can be synthesized by several multilevel configurations, significantly increasing flexibility and complexity in the design of hybrid multilevel inverter. The purpose of the circuits presented here is to minimize the reverse voltage stress and the harmonic distortion of the voltage applied to the load. As a characteristic of the proposed cells, some of the switches operate at low frequency while others are switched at high frequency. Different topologies are discussed and reviewed in brief. Voltage sharing and low output-voltage distortion are achieved. This paper presents a survey of different topologies, control strategies and modulation techniques used by these inverters.

This paper examines the role of asset management and banking sector in Nepal. The study employs five different tests of random walk: autocorrelation test, runs test, unit root tests (ADF, PP, and KPSS), variance ratio test and autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity test. The results of the tests are in broad agreement, conclusively rejecting the presence of random walk in daily returns of the eight stock market indices. The serial correlation tests and the runs tests both revealed that the successive price changes are not random and are serially dependent. Similarly, the unit root tests conclude that unit roots, as necessary conditions for a random walk, are absent from all of the return series. Finally, the study found that in pre-merger period on the average, banks were 93.83% cost efficient, whereas, this figure rose to 94.15% for post merger period. It reflected 0.32% improvement in cost efficiency. The result was significant at 10% level of significance. In case of profit efficiency, the post merger gain was -5%, however, the result was insignificant.

In this paper, the North east corner [NEM] procedure is successfully coded and tested via many randomly generated problem instances . Based on the results we can conclude that the correctness of the newly coded NEM is promising as compared with the previously coded one.

The reignited research on biodiesel production has witnessed, in recent decades, so much momentum to lead a great revolution in world energy in the near future. This great resurgence is stimulated in one part by the anxiety of the uncertainty of the supply life span of conventional fuels and in the other by the numerous advantages that biodiesel offer over petroleum diesel fuel. Biodiesel, amongst other benefits, is renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient, and by far a major role-player in the league of biofuels that will sustain the energy future. Starting from history to present, this work presents a comprehensive review of major advance in biodiesel production. The five basic ways of making biodiesel: direct use and dilution, microemulsions, thermal cracking and transesterification are reviewed with emphasis on heterogeneous catalyst transesterification. Progresses in research into other methods such as enzyme catalysed, non-catalytic supercritical and ultrasound aided transesterification, biox co-solvent and in situ processes as well as production from microalgae are detailed. The factors affecting the yield of the different processes are identified and recommendations are presented for optimum production yield. Evaluation of the economic viability of biodiesel production shows the major challenges as the cost of production and limited availability of fat and oil resources. Microalgae prove to be the economical choice for biodiesel production, because of the availability, high productivity and low cost. Therefore, research should be geared towards the improvement and optimization of biodiesel production from algae.

The objective of this study is to investigate the factors affecting secure and multiple web service collaborations. Online shopping is one such area where the need arises to perform secure communications with several other trading partners. In this study we have chosen a popular Chinese internet E-commerce company that offers online shopping and other internet related services. We have compared the current model which they have adopted to perform those collaborations and also proposed the benefits they would obtain if changes are made in their communication patterns.

Algerian oil as a new source of carbon is used to prepare the carbon nanospheres (CNSs) by pyrolysis method. A mixture of crude oil and FeCl3.6H2O solution as catalyst was injected into the reaction furnace to produce CNSs in an inert atmosphere, followed by multi step purification to remove different impurities. The carbon nanospheres have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and FTIRspectrum. The SEM image reveals that these CNSs have smooth surfaces and uniform particles with a diameter lower than 500 nm. the XRD and Raman studies shows that the graphitization degree of CNSs is not high , while the EDAX analysis shows that more than 98 % of the CNSs is carbon, FTIR proved the presence of new functions after samples treatment such as acid function. This study reports the optimization of various process parameters such as, temperature of reaction (860-940°C), process Time (90-150min)and mass ratio catalyst/Crude oil (0.83 10-3-2.4810-3 g/g) for increasing the Yield of CNSs. A MODDE 6.0 experimental design was employed for the optimization of synthesis of crude oil to ensure high production of carbon nanospheres in a low catalyst concentration and high temperature for a short length of time. The analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.965) and Maximum CNSs production was predicted and experimentally validated, the optimized process conditions were identified to be reaction temperature of 900°C, duration synthesis of 113min and mass ratio catalyst /crude oil of 0.8 10-3 g/g with a yield of 13.23 %.

The Indian Financial System, in the last two decades, has seen a phenomenal expansion in the geographical coverage and financial spread. The spread of the banking system has been a major factor in promoting financial intermediation in the economy and in the growth of financial savings. With progressive liberalization of economic policies, there has been a rapid growth of capital market, money market and financial services industry including merchant banking, leasing and venture capital. Consistent with this evolution of the financial sector, the mutual fund industry has also come to occupy an important place. The Indian mutual fund industry has grown at an impressive rate in the last few years, the recent developments of the past few months triggered by the global financial crisis have impacted the fortunes of the Industry resulting in AUM decline, adversely impacting the revenue and profitability. Our research has attempted to identify and highlight some of the key issues and challenges being faced by the industry participants that are preventing the industry from harnessing its true growth potential.

This study was carried out to evaluate the changes in nutritional quality of corn offal (CO) fermented with Penicillium notatum and Penicillium citrinum using in vitro gas production technique. After the fungal biodegradation of CO in a solid state fermentation, the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of the undegraded and the degraded CO were determined. It was observed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in the crude fibre values. The crude fibre (CF) significantly (P>0.05) decreased. It decreased from 8.02g/100gDM for the control (UC) to 5.41g/100gDM for Penicillium notatum degraded corn offal (PNC) and 6.22g/100gDM for Penicillium citrinum degraded corn offal (PCC). The results also showed significant (P<0.05) differences in the values for detergent fibres. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the crude protein (CP) contents from 10.69g/100gDM for the control (UCO) to 16.69g/100gDM for PCC and 14.41g/100gDM for PNC. The value of organic matter digestibility (OMD) was from 28.46 to 62.28%, metabolizable energy (ME) improved from 4.59 to 10.18MJ/kg DM and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) values ranged from 0.03 to 0.85µM. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the values obtained for potentially degradable fractions (b) ML. Rate of degradation of b, that is, C, was faster in the degraded CO compared with the undegraded CO. The obtained results revealed the possibility of using fungal treatment for the improvement of nutritional quality of corn offal for ruminant nutrition.