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The important issue concerning claims management is that the question of claims in contract agreements is an inevitable one and , hence, under present circumstances , where many faults are found in the process of signing contract agreements and in questions relating to the execution phase of contracts, the idea of their elimination does not appear to be a reasonable one. From among the problems faced in eliminating these claims, reference can be made to the present shortcomings in the general conditions of contracts and to the very noticeably slow progress made in the study and design phases of contracts. The purpose in writing this article was to offer strategies for selecting the win – win approach by parties to contracts for the whole duration of the projects from the start of the study phase to the end of the utilization period. It was necessary to conduct this research because many projects run into crises due to inappropriate management of claims laid and only result in wasting national resources.

Rhizobium and Azotobacter are agriculturally beneficial living organisms present in biofertilizers which colonize the rhizosphere, fix atmospheric nitrogen into Ammonia and increases soil fertility thereby promote plant growth. Increased exposure of UV light has specific effect on various life forms. UV radiations kill or inactivate microorganism thereby prevent the growth and development of the plants. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a wide band gap semiconductor, an efficient light harvester and has strong UV light absorbing capability. Here, we studied the UV screening effect of TiO2 thin films as a protective layer in the enhancement of growth of Rhizobium and Azotobacter. TiO2 thin films of different thicknesses were deposited on the glass substrates using TTIP as precursor by sol-gel dip coating technique by repeating the number of coating cycles which were annealed at 550o C for one hour. The structural properties, surface morphology, stoichiometry and optical properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, AFM and UV-Visible studies. The relation of survival rate of microorganism and thickness of the thin films was studied in detail. It is found that the crystallite size increases (21.3 nm-77.6 nm), band gap decreases (3.4eV-2.8eV) and transmittance decreases with increase in film thickness. We have observed that survival rate of organisms increases with increase in film thickness. This study showed that TiO2 thin films act as protective layer against UV radiation and enhance the survival rate of organisms.

A novel approach for designing Ultra Low Power and wide dynamic range circuit for multiplexing analog signals is presented. The design operates in weak inversion (Sub threshold) region and uses Source - Coupled Logic (SCL) circuit. The bias current of the SCL gates is varied to scale down linearly the power consumption and the operating frequency. The multiplexer design employs CMOS transistors as transmission gate with dynamic threshold voltage. The design exhibits low power dissipation, high dynamic range and good linearity. The design was implemented in 180 nm technology and was operated at a supply voltage of 400 mV with a bias current ranging in the order of few pA. The ON and OFF resistance of the transmission gate achieved were 27 ohms and 10 M ohms respectively. The power dissipation achieved is around 0.79 µW for a dynamic range of 1µV to 0.4 V.

In construction industry, job satisfaction and job performance are important issues when studying the human behaviours and attitudes of personnel. This research is very important so as to understand what management needs to do in order to avoid personnel job turnover in the organization. The construction industry in Sudan faces a variety of problems relating to human resource efficiency which in turn affect the entire productivity in the industry. The objectives of this study are to view the job analysis of personnel in the Sudanese construction firms, identify the level of job satisfaction of personnel, and identify the level of job performance of personnel and to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and job performance of personnel. Data was collected from personnel in six Sudanese construction firms through survey packets including a data form and modified version of the Job Satisfaction Index questionnaire (JSI) and Performance Rating Index questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software and also Average Index. The study shows that there exist weaknesses in the job analysis of personnel. The level of job satisfaction and performance of personnel in Sudan was found to be on the ‘average’. The study also shows a positive relationship between personnel job performance and job satisfaction.

Isolated fractures of the floor of the orbit are secondary to intraorbital hyperpressure that results from a direct anteroposterior impact on the eyeball.Our study is a retrospective study over a period of 03 years (2017_2020) relating to 20 cases of isolated fracture of the floor of the orbit with a mean follow-up of 01 year. The average age of our patients is 25 years with extremes ranging from 13 to 40 years, in 80% of cases our patients were victims of aggression.The initial clinical examination showed diplopia in 80% of cases with enophthalmia in 20% of cases. Computed tomography and lancaster test were performed for all our patients.The surgical treatment consisted of a musculograissory disincarceration with a reconstruction of the floor of the orbit .With a mean decline of one year the evolution was favorable in 80% of the cases. Isolated fractures of the floor of the orbit respond to a precise mechanism of direct ocular impact, vertical diplopia and enophthalmia are the major clinical signs, and CT remains the standard radiological examination for diagnosis and analysis. The surgical treatment must be rapid. The complications are mainly due to delayed management.

The aim of this article is to show the meaning of the chosen aspects of management, which is based on creativity synergy and innovation, understood as a process of communication determining vocational education. Stressing the substantial factors, from the point of view of organization development, it indicates the need of interdisciplinary treatment of this process, with a particular emphasis on the meaning of methods and ways of communicating.

1-amino-6-(furan-2-yl)-4-methylpyrimidine-2(1H)-thione (1) on reaction with acyl chloride (a-c) yieldsN-(6-(furan-2-yl)-4-methyl-2-thioxopyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)alkyl amide (2).The fusion of compound (2) with hydrazine hydrate yields 3-alkylethyl-6-(furan-2-yl)-8-methyl-9aH-pyrimido[1,2-b][1,2,4,5]tetrazine(3a-c). The structures of all the compounds series (2a-c) and (3a-c) were characterized analytically. The compounds were also monitored for anti microbial activity.

The novel ligand, 5-((N,N-diphenylamino)methyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline (DPMHQ) was synthesized by reaction of 5-chloromethyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (CMQ) hydrochloride with N,N-diphenylamine. Metal complexes of DPMHQ were synthesized with Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) salts. The ligand DPMHQ and all its metal complexes were further investigated for elemental content, IR-NMR spectral features, metal: ligand ratio and magnetic properties. The samples were also screened for antifungal activities.

Worldwide, English is being recognized as a world language. Thus, the need for learning this language keeps being one of the major requirements expected from learners at all levels of study. Many people believe that the earlier children start learning it, the better they will perform. As such, there has been a growing push to introduce this language to children in primary school classrooms. The underlying assumption, held by many, is that learners will be more successful if they begin studying English at an early age. As it is the case in many countries where early start to English language teaching and learning has become a phenomenon over the past decades with a high enthusiasm for ‘the younger the better’, Tunisia is no exception in this regard. In fact, the process of promoting English has always been undeniable, resulting in its introduction as a second, additional or sometimes distinctively foreign language with an ultimate goal of gaining wider access to science, technology and global trade. The present paper sets out to clarify the situation of teaching English to young learners in Tunisian primary schools as one manifestation of a whole strategy of reform and innovation targeting the educational system in Tunisia, and to explore some pedagogical concerns associated with this experience in terms of teachers’ professional qualifications necessary to meet the requirements of the reforms.

This paper presents the predicament of two generations of the immigrants in the novel The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. It portrays how in the immigration and collision of cultures struggle comes out for the motherhood. It explores various problems in the identity building for the first and the second generations of the immigrants.