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The use of cisterns in Iran has been diminishing rapidly due to the widespread use of piped water and household refrigerators. Except for a few cases still in use, most of these cisterns so-called "Ab-Anbar" have either given way to new developments or have been re-modeled as tourist attractions. Ab anbar (?? ?????) means 'water storage' in Persian. An ab-anbar is a traditional type of reservoir that was commonly built in pre-modern Iran. As the modern life and technology dominated the region, water pipeline system replaced cisterns. Supplying potable water in hot arid regions has always been a challenge for the residents. In central and eastern deserts of Iran, where poor rainfall and seasonal rivers cause extreme conditions in supplying water, a creative traditional solution has been a unique kind of water reservoirs (cisterns) called “Ab-Anabr”. These structures typically consist of an underground cube or cylindrical reservoir with a massive covering dome and one or more wind towers for ventilation and a staircase for taking water. Ab-Anbars were often constructed by first digging a cylindrical or sometimes rectangular tank deep into the ground--sometimes as far as twenty meters. The walls of the tank were lined with bricks using a special type of mortar called sarooj that was considered to be completely impermeable to water. The tank was then covered with a dome that protected the water in the tank from evaporation and contamination from windborne dust and bird droppings. The windcatchers that projected from the dome allowed for dry desert air to flow into and out of the dome, performing the dual functions of cooling the water and preventing condensation from forming on the inside of the dome, which could potentially lead to mildew and other hygenic concerns. Purity of the water was further maintained by isolating the main tank entirely from human contact. Water could only be obtained from the cistern by descending a series of steps runnning adjacent to the tank. Taps near the top of the stairs provided warmer water, while the coolest water could be obtained by descending to the bottom of the stairs and extracting water from taps at the base. Ab-anbars were so important to life in desert regions that they often became integrated into structures built atop them, such as caravanserais or mosques.

In this paper the transmitter intelligently adapts the transmission parameters like coding scheme, modulation symbol, power etc. w.r.t the varying wireless CSI. If channel is having poor transmission conditions then a channel code with smaller code rate and a smaller modulation symbol can be used. Similarly, if channel conditions are good, a comparatively high code rate or even no coding need be used. Paper gives an overview about the WiMAX standard and studies the performance of a WiMAX transmitter and receiver.

This study was conducted to evaluation of allopathic effects of Hoary Cress tissues aqueous extract on growth of barley seedlings in split plot experiment in CRD design with 3 replications. Main plot included root, stem, leaf and flower extract and sub plot included extract concentration (0, 2, 4 and 8%) of Hoary Cress. After one week, some properties evaluated such as radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule fresh weight, radicle and plumule dry weight.Data analysis was done using SAS software and mean comparison was done by Duncan test at the 5% level. Studied traits reduced by the increase of extract concentration, flower extract specially. So, application of 8% aqueous extract had highest significant effects on growth traits of barley seedling.

This paper presents an image encryption algorithm using chaos. A more complex version of the chaos called Hyper-chaos is used to improve the security of the procedure. Hyper-chaotic system is used to shuffle the parts of the image. Then the shuffled image is encrypted with the chaos. At the receiving end, decryption is done and then the shuffled parts of the image are put back in their original positions.

This study was conducted to investigate the learning environment through the perception of prospective science teachers (PSTs) and science teacher educators (STEs) in teacher training institutions of Pakistan. Instrument used was extracted from a valid and reliable scale entitled “what is happening in the class” for both samples and it covered three aspects of learning environment: Cooperation, Instructor’s Support and Investigation. For data collection, two samples consisting of 410 Prospective Science Teachers (PSTs) and 38 Science Teacher Educators (STEs) were randomly selected from eight training institutions located in three states of Pakistan. Findings of study revealed that in some aspects of the learning environment, the teacher training institutions were rated poor while in various aspects these were perceived average and in a few aspects these were rated as good. The perception of PSTs and STEs was different about some characteristics of institutional learning environment while it was almost same about some other fact regarding learning environment.

Education is very important in all societies. In this process, teacher and his training procedures are very important. However, it can be said that teaching is not easy because the teacher is faced with many variables in the process of teaching. Better identifying these variables and using them in a timely manner can help teachers focus on its goals. In this regard, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of student-centered education on creativity and social compatibility of junior students in Dashtestan city in 1393. The population of this study are junior students of Dashtestan city that 40 students of the target population were selected and investigated. Based on the objective, this study is functional and based on the nature, it is descriptive – analytical and gathering data has been done based on Library, documentary, and field studies. Data has been collected based on Bell’s social compatibility questionnaire in this study containing 25 questions and also Torrance’s creativity test has been used. The results show that there is a significant relationship among the student-centered teaching method and increasing creativity and social compatibility of students. So it seems that planning for teachers to use modern teaching methods (student-centered) in their teaching to improve the quality of education is necessary.

This study was designed to assess the ameliorative properties of methanol extract of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated with extract of Allium cepa on oxidative stress markers of CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Seventy wistar albino rats were used for the study and were grouped into 7 of ten rats in each. Groups 2-7 received a dose of 0.3ml/kg body weight (b.w) of CCl4 in 1:1 olive oil via intraperitoneally twice a week. Those in group 1 received only normal rat chow without CCl4. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 7 orally received a dose of 100mg/kg b.w, 200mg/kg b.w, 300mg/kg b.w and 200mg/kg b.w of the methanol extract respectively. Group 6 and 7 orally received a dose of 5.2mg/kg b.w of livolin and group 7 alone orally received a dose of 50mg/kg b.w of vitamin C. These treatments were administered for 30 days and the following biochemical markers; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were estimated on day 10, 20 and 30 after treatment. Result showed that the values of TBARS significantly increased at p<0.05 on day 10, 20 and 30 in group 2 compared to group 1 while the values of CAT and SOD significantly decreased at p<0.05 on day 10, 20 and 30 in group 2 compared to group 1. The values of TBARS significantly decreased at p<0.05 on day 10, 20 and 30 in groups 3,4,5, 6 and 7 compared to group 2 while the values of CAT and SOD significantly increased at p<0.05 on day 10, 20 and 30 in groups 3,4,5,6 and 7 compared to group 2. These findings suggest that methanol fruiting body extract of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated with extract of Allium cepa scavenged the free radicals responsible for oxidative stress initiated by CCl4 and subsequently ameliorated and substantially reversed the toxic effect of the tissue specific toxicant.

The purpose of this research was to identify about the implementation of Balanced Scorecard in the insurance companies of Pakistan. Additionally, this study was conducted to answer various queries such as relative importance of the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard, relationship between experience of the employees and knowledge about the Balanced Scorecard, relationship between the age of the employees and knowledge about the Balanced Scorecard, measures used by the insurance companies for each perspective of the Balanced Scorecard etc. This study was conducted at the managers and non-managers’ level. To achieve these purposes, a sample of 23 out of total 36 insurance companies was taken. Total number of respondents was 120.

Simultaneous rupture of the two patellartendons are exceptional in sports young people without predisposing systemic disease. Diagnosis is essentially clinical help with radiography. Surgical treatment gives good result. We report a case of a 35 years old young sport with a subcutaneousbilateral rupture of the patellar tendon.

We deposited CdS and ZnS chalcogenides thin films on different substrates by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique. Structural, Surface Morphology and Optical properties of as deposited CdS and ZnS films were investigated by XRD, SEM, FTIR and UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. It is found that, the average grain size of CdS and ZnS in the films is 08 to 130nm and 08 to 113nm. The band gap is also calculated from the equation relating absorption co-efficient to wavelength. The band gap indicates the film is transmitting within the visible range and the band gaps changes because of the grain size of the CdS and ZnS in the films. We also observed that, the change in preparative parameters affects the deposition rate of thin films. From the observation, it is clear that the growth rate increases as the deposition temperature, deposition time, molarities of the solution increases. It is also clear that the growth rate increases as the film thickness and grain sizes increases while band gap decreases.