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The main purpose of this study is to scrutinize the role of interaction and its features (asking for agreement, prompting elaboration, paraphrasing, sharing) in a test of oral proficiency. To this end, 80 Iranian intermediate students (16-18 years old) participate in two tests of oral proficiency: one in which the participants do not interact with one another (individual format), and the other interact with a group of 5 members (group format). In the upshot, SPSS version 19 is run to analyze the collected data. The results reveal that test-takers performance differed significantly when they interact with one another. It is, also, shown that features of interaction affect the students’ fluency, accuracy, comprehension, and use of English differently. Key words: group interaction, oral proficiency testing, fluency, accuracy, comprehension, use of English

Triglycine Sulphate (TGS) is an important material used in the fabrication of high sensitivity infrared detectors at room temperature. Single crystals of TGS were grown by solution method with slow evaporation and water as solvent at room temperature. The grown crystals were characterized by XRD analysis. It is found to exhibit monoclinic structure with the space group P21. The chemical composition of triglycine sulphate crystal was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). The Refractive index was calculated as 1.534 by using Brewster’s angle method. UV-Visible spectra showed that the grown crystals have wide optical transparency in the entire visible region.

External debt is one of the main sources of financing for some ECOWAS countries, which plays an important role in filling up the gap of scare resources as a result of low domestic savings and high current account deficit. The impact of external debt stock and debt servicing has become a significant area of study. The main focus of this thesis is to investigate the impact of external debt and debt servicing on some ECOWAS countries? economic growth over the period 1970 to 2008 by using annual times series data. The variables of the econometric model used in the study include the Gross Domestic Product as the dependent variable and external debt stock and debt servicing as the independent variables. Using annual time series data, ADF (Augmented Dickey- Fuller) and PP (Phillips-Perron) unit root tests are employed to test stationarity. Following the stationarity check of the time series data of some ECOWAS country, the cointegration test is applied to analyze the long-run relationship between the variables. Then the Error Correction Models are estimated, which provide a useful link between the long-run equilibrium and short-run disequilibrium dynamics.The results illustrate that the economic impact of external debt stock and its servicing varied for different countries among the ECOWAS countries. External debt contributes to economic growth in Benin and Niger while the impact of external debt stock adversely affect the economic growth of Burkina Faso, Cote d?Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea- Bissau, Nigeria, Sierra-Leone and Togo.

In this research we try to demonstrate the national unity from the viewpoint of political culture in Iran and its connection with national unity on theory Internal Solidarity Diamond. On another word the main hypothesis in this research is the effect of political culture on national unity. Regarding that in addition to political culture there are other elements like economic structure, social, cultural and political structures are also influential on the regarding phenomenon. The main objective of this research is to study the effect of political culture on national unity in Iran. The research method in this research is also analytic – descriptive. According to the results of this research, in Iran, because of long existence of autocratic authorities, they have been the creator of a kind of culture that is based on distrust, autocracy, self-orientation, negative individualism, omission, destructions, aggressiveness and etc. the consistency and long life of this authorities result in strengthening of this culture type among elites and bulk of people in a way that during the development of this political culture, this has transformed into a independent variable. This kind of culture has a negative and not constructive effect on producing agreement between elites and national unity. Evolution in political culture in order to gain national unity is a necessity.

As we know that organic farming is the need of hour to feed the present population without eroding the health of soil and environment also to give sustainable agriculture this is one of best method for farming that’s why we should go for Organic Farming.

This experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, to evaluate the effects of Pre-treatment salts different on the characteristics of seeds cannabis (Cannabis sativa) implemented. Experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with 4 replications. Pre-treatment included: potassium nitrate (1%), potassium phosphate (1%), sodium chloride (1%) and distilled water which was the control experiment. Seeds were submerged for 72 hours with aeration in treatments then seeds dried and number of 50 seeds was on filter paper 30 x 30 towel method. The results indicated in the pre-treatments, most positive effect on the germination coefficient of cannabis plant was potassium phosphate, in other words, the seeds in less time, had the highest percentage of germination. Potassium phosphate and sodium chloride treatments in cannabis have a positive effect on root length and shoot length. The coefficient correlation plant cannabis showed that the number of normal seedling with root length (r=0/683**) and shoot length (r=0/643**) was significant positive correlation, and significant negative correlation with the number of abnormal seedlings, and not significant correlation have with other traits. According to results, the pre-treatment for 72 h with potassium phosphate 1% Seeds Cannabis recommended.

In the present study, anticorrosive action of the arecanut seed extract on the surface of copper in both 0.5 M HCl and 0.5 M NaOH systems was screened by weight loss and electrochemical methods. The protection efficiency of the inhibitor is directly proportional to its concentration and inversely proportional to copper immersion time and solution temperature. The copper corrosion inhibition process is related to adsorption of arecanut seed extract constituents on the copper surface and which is associated with Langmuir adsorption model. Morphological variations on the metal surface in unprotected and protected conditions were screened by scanning electron microscopy technique.

This paper focus on the investigation of kinetic and thermodynamic characteristic of adsorption of Pb2+ ions unto functionalized Nigerian Ahoko Kaolin. The adsorption rate of Pb2+ onto the TPP-functionalized and the un-functionalized kaolin was found to increase from 0.479 to 1.915 and 0.340 to 1.894 (mgg-1min-1) in the first 10 min while increasing the initial Pb2+ concentration from 250-1000 mg/L. There was decrease in adsorption thereafter attaining equilibrium after 70 min. Increase in temperature from 298 to 323 k increase both the pseudo-second order reaction rate constant K2 and the initial sorption rate h on both the functionalized and un-functionalized kaolin. The values of K2 increase from 0.365 to 0.426 (mgg-1min-1) and 0.217 to 0.296 (mgg-1 min-1). The values of enthalpy obtained suggest that the adsorption process is endothermic in both material used with the functionalized kaolin showing higher endothermic behavior. The values for entropy and enthalpy are 106.40 and 33318.82 (kJmol-1) for functionalized kaolin and 109.78 and 34624.73 (kJmol-1) for the un-functionalized kaolin. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second order reaction path.

The participation of Government of Kenya in the Jomtien Conference in 1990, and its subsequent endorsement of EFA Declaration, re-enforced the commitment Kenya had on the provision of education to its citizens. The events related to the development of education sector in the country following the Jomtien Conference exhibit how Kenya has tried to domesticate the EFA Declarations. Two crucial events laid the foundation for domesticating EFA commitments in the country. These are-: National Conference on Education for All held in Kisumu in 1992, and National Symposium on the Education of the Girl-Child held in Machakos in 1994. Education for all is not about putting children in a classroom. It is about providing children with a qualified teaching professional in acceptable teaching and learning environment. While it is extremely encouraging that the Kenya government took the first bold step in implementing free primary education in 2003, this achievement has not been without challenges. This paper examines the progress, challenges and the strategies and the government in trying to achieve education for all.

Islamic finance is currently the fastest growing segment in the world economy. Apart from providing funds for investment activities and eventually promoting economic development, it is interesting to understand the implication of Islamic finance development on the development of institutional quality of host country. With Islamic finance is based on Islamic values of no oppression, profit and loss sharing and helping-hand concept, it is expected that the rapid growth of Islamic finance will help to promote good institutions. Hence, focusing on several OIC countries with Islamic banking sector, this study examines the role of Islamic banking on institutional quality for the period between 2001 and 2015. The result shows the institutional quality depends on economic growth and Islamic finance development. Policy makers are encouraged to spur economic activity and the growth of Islamic banking in promoting good institutions.