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Hash functions, also called message digests and one-way encryption, are algorithms that, in some sense, use no key. Instead, a fixed-length hash value is computed based upon the plaintext that makes it impossible for either the contents or length of the plaintext to be recovered. Hash algorithms are typically used to provide a digital fingerprint of a file's contents, often used to ensure that the file has not been altered by an intruder or virus. Hash functions are also commonly employed by many operating systems to encrypt passwords. Hash functions, then, provide a measure of the integrity of a file. The goal of this paper is to give an overview of the known methods of attack on hash functions.

Bilateral dislocation of the shoulders (anterior or posterior) is a known event after epileptic seizure or electrocution. However this pathology is rare when one side is anterior and the other is posterior. We describe a case of bilateral fracture dislocation of the shoulders after electrocution in a 45 year old woman. Asymmetrical presentation of lesion is exceptional, caused by opposing mechanisms. The diagnosis was made in emergency, and the patient underwent surgical treatment. We review these fracture dislocation types, and we also examine their mechanisms.

Nowadays, with the rapid growth of urbanization, industrialization, modernization and population growth, there are some problems in urban communities, which is one of the most important problems in urban communities are criminals and prisoners. This problem is more acute when, as we have the phenomenon of crime and recidivism and return to prison inmates to do. Given the importance of this study, using field survey techniques and the study We are looking for an answer to this question: What are the social factors affecting recidivism among prisoners? The population of the city is all prison inmates to commit robberies committed crimes more than once And a sample of 350 patients was studied. In order to answer the main question of this study is to analyze the relationship between variables such as social trust, in partnership with Friends of the offender, religion, feelings of social exclusion, economic - social, family and age as independent variables and recidivism, as the dependent variable will. The results indicate that with the exception of age, there is a significant relationship between independent and dependent variables investigated.

Minerals trace elements, such as zinc, copper, iron, and several antioxidants like vitamins and ceruloplasmin, catalase, have significant influence on the health of pregnant women. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the relationship of trace elements, antioxidants and several antioxidants enzymes level in first trimester Iraqi pregnant women. The present study comprises of 50 normal pregnant women were selected in first trimester in attending for antenatal checkup to the hospital, and 30 non-pregnant women as control group. Venous blood (5 mL) was collected from pregnant women. In normal pregnancy, the copper and ceruloplasmin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and vitamin C concentration were statistically significantly increased in pregnant women group when compared to control group .The present study infers that iron is the most important micronutrient and it should be supplemented as a daily requirement in pregnant women. TIBC can be used as a diagnostic measurement and follow-up health status of women in pregnancy.

The goal of this paper was to investigate the effect of using Leitner’s learning box in studying inter-mediate to advanced vocabularies among first year students at the Islamic Azad University-Parsabad Moghan Branch in Parsabad Moghan City, Iran. This research was carried out in a class with diversified students from engineering to humanitarian fields. The participants were haphazardly assigned into two homogeneous groups each consisting of twenty five students. The test was performed in fall semester 2012. The control group received the conventional treatment while the experimental group received the Leitner’s learning box to use it for learning vocabulary. Before initiating the treatment, two similar tests were prepared as the pre-test and post-test to discover the vocabulary knowledge of the students at the initial and final stages of the study. The analysis of obtained results in the post-test manifested significant differences between the two groups such that the students in the experimental group outperformed the students in the control group in terms of their vocabulary knowledge. Thus, it was concluded that the use of Leitner’s learning box in studying vocabulary for first year students at the university led to a higher level of vocabulary improvement.

This research aims to study the effectiveness of phonological educational intervention on the reading performance of students with developmental dyslexia. It was experimentally conducted using a pretest-post test scheme, a control group & the multiple sampling method in which 16 3rd grade female dyslexic students who met the research admission criteria were selected in the simple random method from Esfahan City public elementary schools and who were randomly assigned to 2 experimental and control groups. For information gathering, the 3rd grade elementary school reading test and list of dyslexia symptoms whose reliability and validity had been approved were used. Data were analyzed using the covariance analysis statistical method and SPSS software. The results showed a significant difference (P?0.001) between the 2 experimental and control groups. It can thus be said that phonological educational intervention is effective on the reading performance of dyslexic children and the method can be used to optimize such children's dyslexia.

Test-task characteristics have been considered as an important factor affecting the test takers’ performance on a test (Bachman, 1990, p. 156). Response format is one part of test-task characteristics that affects the performance of test takers. This study investigates whether the kind of response format would affect the performance of test takers. For this reason two test methods - - multiple-choice and free-response - - have been compared. The tests, together with a checklist of test taking strategies were administered to forty undergraduate English students of Rasht Azad University. The analysis showed that two tests with identical content but different formats did not yield measures of the same trait. In addition, the discrimination indices showed that two reading tests could discriminate students differently. This was more investigated by analyzing data obtained from the checklists of test taking strategies.

The aim of present study is to investigate the impact of metacognitive strategies on the improvement of Iranian EFL learners? listening comprehension skill. In order to achieve the goal of present study, a sample test of KET was administered to 70 students to check whether two groups are homogenous or not. Their ages varies between 12-15, after doing language test, participants were divided into two groups as experimental and control groups. The experimental group received listening tasks through metacognitive strategies in three phase ( pre-listening, listening, and post-listening). The Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ) was developed by Vangrift et al. (2006) is used for both groups. A pretest was chosen from Cambridge Practice Test was given to the participants that ensure there were no significant difference between experimental and control groups, and they belong to the same population.. The experimental group had 16 training sessions, two hours each sessions; twice a week .used same materials were used for both groups. The students were asked to answer 7 questions of self-report after listening and 16 questions of checklists. After the treatment all participants had Cambridge test as post-test to check possible differences between treatment group and control group. Key words: listening comprehension, listening strategies, metacognition, metacognitive strategies.

Currently it is observed that political participation by youth in Malaysia is increasingly less well received, this is because most of these people are more focused on their studies and their careers. Therefore this paper will discuss the factors that influence the political participation of youth in Malaysia. Among the factors that are highlighted are the Demographic factors, Leadership and Management Factors, the factor of the Leaders’ Communication, Mass Media Factors and Social Environmental Factors that consists of Family Influence, Peer Influence and Influence of the Local Community. From these factors, to a certain extent we are able to more or less see in detail the problems that exist in the political participation of youth, which can also provide some input in the best way to encourage political participation of youth in Malaysia.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We have studied 276 cases in Hyderabad to investigate the persistence of TB and potential threat aspects for condensing TB, within which the positive kinfolk’s history of TB proves to be substantial threat factor. Previously diagnosed patients were poorly obedient to anti-TB treatment. This study focuses the exposure of convicts to TB due to the presence of highly transmittable cases. This study sturdily specified the necessity of an effective treatment program in the broad-spectrum community. This study was conducted in medical units 1of Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro. Out of total, 274 patients studied, majority of the patients were from poor, deprived and lower social class. To control this infection early diagnosis of the disease and its treatment under the supervision is very important.