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Ant colony optimization is unique convergence of Swarm Intelligence and Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence. Ants are social insects with limited skills that live in colonies able to solve complex problems. The intelligence of the global society arises from self organization mechanisms, based on the indirect communication between individuals through pheromones. The Symmetric Travelling Salesman Problem here presented is a typical case that requires a self organization type of algorithm, in order to cope with the problem dynamics. The simulation results show how the ant colony optimization is able to solve the different possible routing cases. The innovation in this entire proposal (paper) is that an attempt has been made to improve the existing ant colony algorithm and then apply to the problem set. Ant colony optimization (ACO) has been successfully applied to solve combinatorial optimization problems, but it still has some drawbacks such as stagnation behavior, long computational time, and premature convergence. These drawbacks are more evident when the problem size increases. In this paper, I have reported the analysis of using a reduced/lower pheromone trail bound and a dynamic updating rule for the heuristic parameters based on entropy to improve the efficiency of ACO in solving Traveling Salesman Problems (TSPs). TSPs are NP-hard problem. Even though the problem itself is simple, when the number of city is large, the search space will become extremely large and it becomes very difficult to find the optimal solution in a short time. From my simulations, it can be found that the proposed algorithm indeed has superior search performance over traditional ACO algorithms do.

Plant cell culture provides an alternative means for producing secondary metabolites. In this study, experiments were carried out to study the effect of cholesterol as precursor and salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside as elicitors on the enhancement of diosgenin production in the cell suspension culture of Momordica charantia. Callus was induced from seeds when inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins to initiate cell suspension culture. The maximum diosgenin recovery was estimated in 6 week old callus (7.54 mg/gdw) which was significantly superior then the rest of time treatment and the treatment doses of salicylic acid (0.05 mM) gave highest diosgenin recovery (8.98 mg/gdw) in comparison to Sodium nitroprusside (8.53 mg/gdw) and control (7.61 mg/gdw).

Nowadays, most of managers play an important and essential role in obtaining the competitive advantages, also, they have realized going along with strategic purposes of organization. Moreover, knowledge management became as a competitive obligation in organizations. In spite the fact that a competitive obligation, if leaders cannot provide appropriate infrastructures and necessary prerequisite for the layout of knowledge management system, it will result in human resources repulsion and financial resources loss. This research is based on investigating the effect of empowering on accepting knowledge management system in petrochemical economic special zone in Mahshahr. In this research, Statistic society consists of 250 operation, middle and top managers of PET. Zone which is based on Kukran sampling formula, volume of sample was determined 158 people. The method that was applied in this research is descriptive – measurable. The results which obtained from this study indicate that all four hypotheses have been confirmed.

Pores and organic matter take a multitude of forms in soil and their characteristics change in space and time following a change in tillage practices as a new “steady state” is approached. Information on the variation with depth (stratification) in the characteristics of pores and organic matter and the rates of changes in these characteristics are vital to interpreting the short- and long-term impacts of the reduction of using conventional tillage on the productivity and hydrology of agricultural soils. This information is also of value in estimating the effect of a reduction in tillage on the sequestration of carbon in agricultural soils. The influence of tillage on bulk density, macro porosity and organic matter content was found to be documented more extensively than the effects on pore size distribution, soil organic matter fractions and their interactions at different soil depths. Many of the reports documenting tillage-induced changes in soil porosity and organic matter were based on measurements at a specific time after initiating the tillage trial. The potential advantages of conservation tillage in organic farming are reduced erosion, greater macro porosity in the soil surface due to larger number of earthworms, more microbial activity and carbon storage, less run-off and leaching of nutrients, reduced fuel use and faster tillage. Conversion from conventional (CT) to no-tillage (NT) resulted in an immediate change in the placement of aboveground crop residue and the reduced fragmentation of the soil matrix may also slow the mineralization of SOC.

Assessment of land response to certain land uses is necessary to reach the sustainable land management. In this study Almagra model from MicroLEIS DSS and remote sensing technology were used to determine the suitability of land for main crops in an arid region east of Tehran (Iran). The weighted average of land and soil characteristic were obtained from representative soil profiles in each land mapping unit, through digital classification of satellite images and entered to the model. Land suitability maps for each crop were presented as thematic maps by integrating soil map with determined land suitability classes in GIS. The results showed that %55 of the area has moderate to high suitability for wheat, alfalfa, maize and melon. Salinity, alkalinity and soil texture are considered as the main soil restrictions for studied crops in this area. According to the obtained results, the priority of the selected crops should be considered as wheat, alfalfa/ melon and maize, respectively. Application of remote sensing technology accompany with land suitability models helped  to enhance the abilities of this model by both saving the data compilation time  and generating georeferenced data to overlay with other information layers and spatialization in GIS.

Language is an important medium of communication. Keeping in mind the importance of language in the mind making process, this study aims to examine the language of e-print media advertisements of Pakistan. The linguistic analysis has been done at semantic, phonological, morphological and syntactic level. The practices along with the functions of these linguistic devices have been analyzed. E-print media advertisements from various domains have been selected for the present study. Qualitative Discourse Analytic Approach to Text was used to analyze the linguistic devices. Through the linguistic analysis, it has been observed that language of advertisements has a very innovative and peculiar form which is unique, fascinating and memorable. Despite the fact that language of advertisements is breaking the set rules of language, it appears to be very attractive and contributing towards the success of advertisements which ultimately lead towards the sale of the product. It has been found that the language of advertisements is very rich area to be investigated by the linguists.

Table of contents for the month of January 2017

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of academic staff functioning on research in higher education organized by the University Grant Commission. The present study based on to find out research abilities of teachers such as knowledge up-gradation, art of thinking, research skills, technological information environmental awareness and writing skills etc. Primary and secondary data collected and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. The study carried out during the UGC sponsored Orientation Programme and Refresher Course in their respective ASCs in year 2013-14, for measuring the impact pre-programme and post-programme survey was conduct on the same participants. On the basis of the findings of the research the Z test value inferred that all the parameters had predicted a significant impact on research abilities in orientation and refresher programmes offered by ASCs.

Malenized Linseed oil and Coconut oil suitable for use in Powder detergent has been synthesized. The reaction conditions such as mole ratio, temperature, time of reaction and use of catalyst have been standardized to get a product with desired HLB ratio, viscosity and solubility. A standard Powder detergent mainly based on malenised vegetables oils and Alpha olefin sulphonate has been prepared. In successive compositions acid slurry has been replaced by neutralized malenized linseed oil by 50 to 100% .A comparison of our maleic based detergents with commercial samples shows that maleic treated oils give excellent foaming, surface tension reduction and detergency properties. The raw material cost of our novel Powder detergents in reasonable and they can be tried on pilot scale and commercial scale production. The special feature of these Powder detergents is freedom from conventional linear alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium tripoly phosphate so they can be labeled as ecofriendly products for green environment.

From the primitive period medicinal plants have occupied a distinct place in human’s life. They have been the backbone of traditional herbal medicines and have been extensively studied because of their pharmacological importance. Orchids are one of the largest groups of Angiosperms belonging to the family Orchidaceae. A number of constituents obtained from different parts of orchid suggest biological activity. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic heterocyclic molecules that have pharmacological effects on humans and other animals..In orchids, 214 species in 64 genera contain 0.1% or more alkaloids. Besides alkaloids, they also possess flavanoids, phenanthrenes, terpenoids, bibenzyl derivatives and other biologically active compounds. The present review deals with the phytochemicals present in orchids and their medicinal properties.