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Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is a state-of-the-art technology for reading electric, gas or water meter readings automatically from a remote place without any human intervention. Remote metering promises fast and accurate billing system. In this paper, a technique for remotely reading electricity meter readings using Short Message Service (SMS) has been illustrated. Existing Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) networks have been used for sending and receiving SMS. A prototype of the system has been designed and developed for system exploration and experiment.

Multiplier is a basic arithmetic cell in computer arithmetic units. The energy consumption in computation turns out to be deeply linked to the reversibility of the computation. The primary objective of this paper was to gain insight into the Reversible Computation and its use for making circuits energy efficient for long life. In the recent years, reversible logic has emerged as a promising technology having its applications in low power CMOS, quantum computing, nanotechnology, and optical computing. In the proposed work, we synthesized a parity preserving reversible multiplier circuit with the help of existing fault tolerant Toffoli gate and SCG gate. Here partial products are generated using Toffoli gate and final sum is carry out using SCG gate. The proposed design is best compared to existing in terms of garbage output, constant input, power consumption.

One hundred (100) mature black-skinned ectotype of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata) were managed intensively in wooden cages to generate eggs used to investigate the developmental stages of eggs. The eggs laid by the black-skinned ectotype of snails were partial cracked by the side and a small portion of the shell using pin opened up for microscopic examination at two days interval. The microscopic examination and photographs of the internal structures of the eggs revealed that embryo and shell formation took place between the eighth and fourteenth days. From days eighteen to twenty, the snails were found to be completely formed. The baby snail or hatchling crawled out of the egg’s shell on the twenty-four day, marking the incubation period for the eggs of black-skinned ectotype of A. marginata to be 24 days.

We are very happy to announce that from 10th January 2018, Dr. A. Prabaharan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physics. The appointment of Dr.A.Prabaharan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com

The aim of this paper is to prove that the women of today undergo self transformation breaking barriers to attain their goal bringing forth societal transformation. Achieving economic independence is the priority and that is dealt with special reference to Nilima in Amitav Ghosh’s novel The Hungry Tide. Nilima, one of the major characters stands as an evidence to Ghosh’s anti patriarchal sentiments and pro feministic attitude demonstrated through her portrayal as a confident and a revolutionary woman. The paper further attempts to trace the efforts put forth by Nilima to constitute a trust titled Badabon Trust in expanding phases, fighting the masculine power, suavely negotiating with superstitious mindset of the tribes etc. and to establish the trust as a model NGO working for rural India. Nilima, a self made woman evolves as a facilitator not only building a hospital but equipping it with electric supply, and providing economic self-sufficiency to the tribal women and to the inhabitants of Lusibari. Nilima’s main objective is to manoeuvre the natural resources to revive the socio economical conditions of women and make them self sufficient and independent to live their lives with dignity, respect and freedom.

Motivation seems to be one of the most important tools of managing employee performance. Organizations design motivation systems (strategy) to encourage employees to perform in the most effective way but also to attract potential candidates. The case study was chosen to represent other strategies in place that will improve staff performance through motivation within the organization in which staffs were dissatisfied as a result of ineffective use of non financial motivation. The non monetary rewards available at MMM includes promotion, appreciation certificates, housing facilities, training scholarship, good working conditions, gift offering and recognition, responsibility and training. On the other hand, employees consider non-monetary incentives among the most important factors that increase their desire to exert more effort in their jobs. The general objective of this proposal was to explore the effect of motivation strategy over staff performance in MMM, and also to realize this, the following objectives were looked in details, to allow employees to perform well at MMM include financial motivation, non-financial and the management style of MMM that had motivate staff, researcher during the study use different theories and models that relate with the topic under study which was drive theory and incentive theory and Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs model the researcher use descriptive survey design and he will target 300 Employees of MMM Ltd. The sampling techniques that researcher used was stratified sampling and the sample size was 156 employees of MMM Ltd which was out of 300 employees as the targeted population of the study, data collection tools were questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyze the data collected and finally data was presented through the use of bar graphs and pie charts where possible. Findings were there was a clear financial compensation strategy as it indicates the organization has clear compensation policy. The respondents believed that management of MMM Ltd was responsible for both the big structures that serve as the foundation of confidence, and the human touches that shape a positive emotional climate to inspire and motivate and some of the recommendations that researcher has pointed for MMM Ltd was Management and departmental heads should deliver confidence to the employees by exposing high standards of training programs and motivation strategies in the organization. Since mangers are responsible for bridging the gap between staff motivation strategy and the final decisions on how to train on the best of their knowledge and the reality of implementing the changes within the organization, they should always involve employees in decision making.

The study focused on the effect of liberalization of banking industry. In the past three years Kenyan banking sector has progressed towards increasing retail banking and decreasing the corporate banking. This is evident in the efforts banks are putting to attract retail customers through advertisements and sales promotions. Retail banking in Kenya in the past years had been severely underdeveloped and marginalized, since the majority of Kenyans live below the poverty line and cannot afford the luxury life. The study therefore established the effect of retail banking on the performance of financial institutions in Kenya. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of retail banking in the performance of financial institutions. The study was guided with the following specific objectives; lending portfolio, number of customers, branch network and deposit mobilization. The study relied on both primary sources and secondary sources. The primary sources were the operation Managers, retail managers and relationship managers of the financial institutions while the secondary sources included reviewing the literature on the banking sector in Kenya and the East Africa region, previous research carried out from the same field, annual reports regarding the industry and official company manuals. The data collection methods included questionnaires and interviews. The collected data was edited and then coded. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22.0. Descriptive statistics included, frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. On the other hand, inferential statistics was in form of both Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Correlation facilitated drawing of infrences on relationship between each of the independent variables. Multiple regression enabled assessment of the effect of the independent variables on savings mobilization performance as a whole significance. The study findings concluded that Deposit Mobilisation, Lending Portfolio and Branch Network were found to have a significant and positive impact on financial performance; it would be wise to conclude that Deposit Mobilisation, Lending Portfolio and Branch Network were found to have a strong positive relationship. On the number of customers on financial performance, the study established that Number of Customers has an insignificant relationship with financial performance. It was recommended that commercial banks should design other innovative marketing strategies which can increase the level of low cost deposits such as use of mobile phone in collecting deposits. The Management of commercial banks should put in place strategies that focus on unbanked population since they represent a significant number of customers left out which can build trust on and sustain its performance once they are included in the financial sector. The study further recommends that in- order to enhance the performance in the whole financial sector, the same study can be carried out in micro finances.

This paper proposes a new idea of the Fuel level sensor is to monitor, measure and indicate the fuel level in the tank of vehicles by using microcontroller based Embedded System. At present methods of fuel level measurement is Resistor Ladder network, Reed sensor with float and Linear Hall Effect sensor. The proposed method of measurement of fuel level is based on the variation in the capacitance based on the difference in dielectric properties between fuel and free air without any moving parts.

This paper described the emerging issues in land administration an attempt by the Bauchi State Government to resettle the displaced people as a result of communal clashes within and outside Bauchi State. The sample of the study was the migrant household at Kafin Mu’azu village where a simple random sampling technique was adopted in administering the questionnaires to the respondents. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data obtained. Most information was obtained from allotees, all the beneficiaries of compensation. Informal interviews were also held with government officials and the result shows that both land allocation and compensation exercises were improperly done, in that the authorities involved in the exercises, especially the land allocation exercise were mixed with non-specialists, contrary to the provision of the land use of Act of 1978, the traditional rulers were involved in the allocation of plots/farm lands. It is therefore recommended that future land allocation and compensation should always be put under intensive observation as membership of both exercises has been a matter of self enrichment.

The present study was aimed for isolation and quantification of Primary Metabolites from selected plant species. Antioxidant activity of plants was also carried out by using FRAP, Catalase,Lipid Peroxidation and Peroxidase assay. The maximum amount of primary metabolite was protein and the minimum was total soluble sugars in leaves of Tylophora indica whereas in the case of Nyctanthes arbor tritis. Maximum amount of primary metabolite was protein in roots and the minimum starch was found in stem. Thus leaves of Tylophora indica. and the roots of Nyctanthes arbor tritis were the rich source of protein. Stem of Tylophora indica was found to be better antioxidant as compared to leaves when observed by various antioxidant assays.. In the case of Nyctanthes-arbor-tritis different plant parts showed potent activity when assayed by different methods. . The present results showed potential of this medicinal plant which can be used as herbal drug as therapeutic ventures in future aspects.