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The study assessed the effectiveness of support structures available to orphans in rural communities of Ibadan South East Local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique comprising of probability and non-probability sampling methods was used to select one hundred and twenty orphans from 10 rural communities of the local government. The main findings of the study show that the mean age of the orphans is 16.6 years with close to two-third (63.33%) being females. Seventy five percent had no formal education while 90% were not schooling; they receive a mean income of less than N80 per day. The respondents as one of the adjustment strategies are engaged in one agricultural economic activities or the other with higher proportion (67.50%) into food processing. About 16.67% do not engage in any non-agricultural activity while majority (38.33%) of them is into trading. Most of the orphans have been exposed to abuses such as maltreatment, rape, discrimination and street hawking with 81.67% of them exposed to more than one of the abuses. The feeling of inferiority complex is the most common condition under which the orphans live. Food, clothing and education were the only support structures available to orphans that are effective as revealed by the study. Due to the ineffectiveness of the support structures in the study area, all orphans involved in this study were found to be involved in at least one agricultural activity, most especially, in food processing.

English language anxiety and interest are considered as two important affective variables which are highly correlated to foreign language learning. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the English language anxiety, English language interest and English language achievement. The sample size comprised of 97 undergraduate students of BS Computer Sciences, Telecom engineering and Computer engineering program. The Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regressions are used to analyze the data. The results revealed that English language anxiety has significant negative correlation with English language interest and English language achievement. It is also found that English language interest and English language achievement has significant positive correlation. It has been observed that mostly males have less English language anxiety and more English language interest as compared to females. The rate of anxiety in females has significant negative relationship with achievement. The study reveals that the performance of the students of in English language is influenced by the English language anxiety.

Land use and land cover change play a pivotal role in global environmental change. They contribute significantly to earth-atmosphere interactions and biodiversity loss, are major factors in sustainable development and human responses to global change, and are important for integrated modeling and assessment of environmental issues in general The land cover map and land use map can be produced by field research and observation and interpretation of the large scale aerial pictures, but both of them are time and cost consuming. The main advantage of satellite images is that the classification is able to be repeatedly performed by simultaneous usage of multiple images during a short time. Applying the satellite data is a proper way in order to producing the land cover map and monitoring it especially in the vast geographical regions. The iterative self organizing data analysis technique (isodata) method used a set of rule-of-thumb procedures. Many of the steps used in the algorithm are based on the experience obtained through experimentation. According to evaluate signature file the optimal number of classes is 11.after determining of best classified NDVI map processed of spot NDVI maps for a new set of the hyper temporal. Drawinggraphs of mean digital number help to us for determined kind of classes. According to the graph of the spectral behavior of each class and fieldwork were determined land covers types. The optimum numbers of classes are 11 classes in the case study region based on the divergence of a minimum of separability. Spectral behavior shows the highest mean digital number in 11th class that starts in the spring season and finish in winter. First to fifth class has spectral behavior to each other. Mean of digital number of different years not same each other years and have different actions.

Multiview video coding is an extension of H264/AVC. When an Multiview video coding bitstream is decoded, some views (named target views) are to be is played; some other views (named dependent views) may not be displayed but are needed for inter-view prediction of the target views. The original Multiview video coding design requires pictures of the dependent views to be fully decoded and stored. This entails both high decoding complexity and high memory consumption for the pictures in the views which are not intended for display, particularly when the number of dependent views is large. In this paper, a single motion compensation loop decoding scheme is introduced to address these disadvantages. The proposed scheme requires only partial decoding of pictures in dependent views and thus significantly reduces decoding complexity and memory consumption. The proposed method is based on the motion skip, wherein inter-view motion and coding mode prediction is exploited. Simulation results shows that the proposed scheme provides a substantial reduction of complexity and memory size, at the expense of only a minor compression efficiency loss, compared with multiple motion compensation loop decoding schemes for Multiview video coding.

This paper deals with the simulation of three, five, seven and nine level output using H- bridge inverter. This paper presents H – bridge inverter simulated using MATLAB with different levels (like three, five, seven and nine level). The percentage (%) total harmonic distortion THD is calculated. The harmonic reduction is achieved by selecting appropriate switching angles. The functionality verification of the three level, five level, seven level and nine level output is done using MATLAB.

This piece of research addresses an interdisciplinary challenging issue concerned with dynamical evaluation of e-Learning systems' performance. More precisely, it presents an interdisciplinary work integrating neuronal, psychology, cognitive, and computer sciences into educational environment. That's in order to introduce systematic analysis and dynamical evaluation of the adopted study for e-learners' time response (equivalently convergence time) phenomenon. Specifically, this work concentrates on dynamical evaluation of one measuring parameter fore-learning performance namely: time response. In other words, e-learner's response time has been adopted as an appropriate candidate learning parameter applicable for reaching optimal analysis and evaluation of e-learning systems performance. Herein, that time considered as period of time requested in order to reach correctly a pre-assigned (desired) output answer which determined by an e-learner while examined via Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ). At the macro-level, the paper proposed e-learner's response time affected mostly by two basic extrinsic and intrinsic educational factors. Firstly, that associated to effectiveness of e-learning environment such as communication signal to noise ratio, and learning rate value. Secondly, that tightly coupled with gain factor candidates' brain function and structure (synapses, axons, and dendrites).Such as the number of dynamically contributing neurons, and the gain factor of neuronal response function. Consequently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) simulation has been adopted for realistic evaluation of timely dependent candidate's response till reaching desired correct output solution for any arbitrary MCQ exam. After successful timely updating of dynamical state pattern (synaptic weight vector), pre-assigned (desired) correct response is accomplished in accordance with coincidence learning modeling. The presented simulation has been developed towards quantified analysis of the highly specialized neurons' role performed to select correct answers to MCQ. Furthermore, the time response parameter considers individual differences of learners' brain role (considering various number of neurons), while performing selectivity (MCQ) processes. Finally, after running of suggested realistic simulation programs, some interesting conclusive results introduced.

Field evaluation to measuring combine losses was conducted typically on seed corn field because of high economic importance of seed corn in Iran. Because seed corn is alive, harvesting operation should be done precisely with fewer losses. For this purpose data were collected and analyzed for different cylinder and ground speeds. Pre-harvest, gathering, and processing losses were measured. The results showed the total harvesting loss was 9.30% which combine loss was almost 8.56% with feeding rate of 2.48 kg ears per second. The highest losses occur in processing (threshing) (5.39%) because of elimination all cracked seeds (any crack in seeds decrease the seed generation power). The effect of travel speed was significant for gathering and threshing (quality) losses while cylinder speed had a significant effect on threshing (quality and quantity) losses. The lowest total combine loss (7.60%) was measured at 3 km h-1 ground speed with 400 rpm cylinder speed and the highest value (7.19%) belonged to 5 km h-1 ground speed with 600 rpm cylinder speed. Energy consumption during harvesting seed corn was calculated 1.8 GJ ha-1 which the diesel fuel input was the highest energy consumer with almost 1.2 GJ ha-1 that was 70% of total energy use.

The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K in the cement samples used for construction in Lagos and Ogun State Nigeria were measured by gamma spectrometry using a well-type NaI (Tl) detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The average activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K determined in the samples were 2.16, 7.82 and 114.3 Bq/kg respectively. The mean absorbed dose rate, the mean annual effective dose, excess lifetime cancer risk and annual gonadal equivalent dose in the samples analyzed were 9.59 nGy/h, 17.66 µSv/y, 67.99 (MPY)-1 and 69.07 µSv/y respectively. Values of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard indices and gamma activity concentration index (I?) were also estimated. The results obtained in all cases are well below the world average. Therefore, cements produced in this part of the country are safe and considered to have negligible radiological impact on the health of the individuals exposed to them.

The identification of linear structures are done in geophysical images. The problem of identification of curvilinear structures in real and synthetic geophysical images is faced for the first time. Here we propose a method for automatic enhancement and detection of curvilinear structures. The accurate identification of line structures in geophysical images plays an important role in geophysical interpretation and the detection of subsurface structures. The method was applied on geophysical images in an effort to recognize the linear patterns of subsurface architectural structures that exist in archaeological sites. The method efficiently combines a rotation and Scale-invariant filter and a pixel-labelling method, providing a robust enhancement and detection of mostly line structures in 2-D gray scale images. Mainly they are used in archaeological sites.

Agroforestry does not only provide tree products and services but more importantly has the potential to increase agricultural production. Despite these benefits, its adoption in developing countries, Kenya included, does not match the scientific significance, because, farmers continue to use indigenous technical knowledge (ITK). We examined the adoption of agroforestry technologies in the Maseno region of Kisumu County, Kenya where it has remained low despite the area being sufficiently served by agroforestry extension. The objective was to investigating the potential of integrating the existing indigenous technical knowledge into the current agroforestry technologies. I addition, the study investigated the potential of indigenous technical knowledge in supplementing agroforestry extension. We used purposive and proportional simple random sampling to select a sample of 150 household heads out of 4,070 farm households in the region. We collected primary data from household heads using a structured questionnaire. The results of the study showed that indigenous technical knowledge plays a significant role in the adoption of agroforestry technologies that help in management of fuel wood, fodder, soil and weeds. Gender significantly influenced the dissemination of indigenous technical knowledge related to agroforestry. The level of adoption of recommended agroforestry technologies in the study area was low. There is need to develop new farmer-centred agroforestry technologies that should not be seen by farmers as mere modifications of traditional farming systems. We recommended that further studies on how effectively integrate modern agroforestry and indigenous technical knowledge for sustainability in improving agricultural production.