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Migration is caused by a push from behind and/or a pull from an appealing prospect in front. The combination of push and pull factors and research into which specific determinants play a significant role in migration patterns has received a lot of attention in the empirical literature. Immigration is the main demographic factor and the government is supposed to have the ability to control its size and skill composition. In high income countries natural population growth nowadays is low (or negative) and overall population growth is mostly driven by immigration. A statistically significant role of migration in affecting the tax rate is found after controlling for income inequality and for several social and demographic variables that would be expected to reflect the government’s revenue needs and thus determine the tax rate. The aim of the present study is to examine if and how much the amount of public expenditures on social services has been affected by the migration among some Middle East countries over 1990-2007. JEL classification: H24, H75, J4.

We are very happy to announce that from 13th December 2018, Mr. Abhisek Shrestha has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Agriculture. The appointment of Mr. Abhisek Shrestha as member, Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

The authors report a case of mycetoma of the foot (Madura foot). This is a patient of 34 yearswith a chronicswelling of the right foot withfistulasgiving a purulent yellow ishcontaining grains. Antibiotics and antifungaltreatments have not worked. Radical treatmentwasnecessary.

In this paper, the parameters governing the arm model of a robot has been studied through a numerical technique “fourth order non-linear extended RK method based on Centroidal Mean (RKCeM)”. The exact solutions of the system of second order equations representing the arm model of a Robot have been compared with the corresponding discrete solutions (approximate solutions) at different time and also the absolute error between the exact and discrete solutions has been determined.

As the present world challenges schools and the entire school community with many changes in the hope of improving the learning outcomes of students, schools and teachers, they are tasked with constantly upgrading the standards of education. Professional development has always been the focus of most of these improvements. In most schools and in the International Baccalaureate, teachers recognise that professional development does not end after the 1-hour or 3-days or 4-weeks sessions, it is continuous in nature and extends towards their everyday dealings. This study is a qualitative research that involves primary school teachers of an IB World School. The outcome of this research seems to capture the teachers’ perspective on professional development and how it has influenced their teaching practice. A review of relevant literature on the topic of professional development will give an idea on what professional development is, its purpose, how it has met the needs of teachers and how it has caused significant changes in teaching techniques. Mixed research methods were adopted in this study, the perspectives of a small group of primary teachers were recorded and analysed; allowing for comparisons with the results of the previous researches conducted in the field.

Leadership is perceived as being masculine and as a result women are less likely to be seen as leaders regardless of their capability. The purpose of this research is to identify the perception of the respondent about the domain of women as a leader in the field of technical and vocational based on the six domain of leadership and the level of six domain of leadership. A total of 18 female students from section 3 were chosen as respondents. A set of questionnaire was used as an instrument. It consists of two parts. Part A is about the demography of the respondent and part B is about the items to measure respondent’s perception of women as leaders in technical and vocational fields. The question in this study is based on the six domain of leadership. Data collected was processed using Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS version 16.0) and were analyzed based on descriptive such as mean score, frequency and percentage. The outcome of this research shows that perception of respondent if women want to be or be a leader, they need have domain ethical in the leadership and the level of six domain show the high level result but only the domain inspirational have the moderate level.

Artificially contaminated soil was treated with hydrocarbon degrading bacteria previously isolated from soil that was consistently contaminated with petroleum. The consortium of bacteria used consists of Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens and Proteus myxofaciens. immobilized in cellulosic materials such as coconut fibre and groundnut husk. The results of the laboratory tests show that the immobilized bacteria have good self life with bacteria load of 3.33 x 1022 and 3.20 x 1019 on the 1st and 28th day respectively. The immobilized bacteria system shows promise in the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. After 21 days of application of the immobilized bacteria system in laboratory scale degradation of Forcados light crude oil, the residual concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons decreased to 14.87% for one of the samples as compared to a residual concentration of 58.97% in the control sample. Therefore the immobilized bacteria system using cellulosic as a carrier can serve as an effective and fast bioremediation tool for cleaning up petroleum contaminated soil at low cost.

Criminal law as accepted by all legal scholars and practitioners deals with wrongs against society, their proper investigation, prosecution, litigation and the defense of the person accused. It is a body of rules and statutes that defines conduct prohibited by the government because it threatens and harms public safety and welfare and it establishes punishment to be imposed for the commission of such acts. Others state that it is the body of law that defines conduct prohibited by the state (because the state thinks such conduct is socially injurious) and sets the penalties for such conduct. For an effective implementation of modern criminal laws in Nigeria, it becomes necessary for a modern criminal procedural law to be enacted as a body of law that accompanies the accused hence in common law countries the justice system is adversarial in nature. This system of justice is where the accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty and so certain safeguards have to be met such as (among others) hearing the other party out, making sure that the judge does not have a stake in the case, and that the legal process is conducted in a proper manner so as not to prejudice the accused. This writer presents the development of the Nigerian criminal law in consonant with the innovations in the criminal procedure law enacted under the Administration of Criminal Justice (ACJ Act 2015).

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is chronic and appalling. Now-a-days it is the most prevalent disease affecting the world’s population. PUD is the main reason for morbidity and mortality in 50% of world’s working population. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease is best viewed as an imbalance between mucosal defense factors (bicarbonate, mucin, prostaglandin, nitric oxide, and other peptides and growth factors) and injurious factors (acid and pepsin)³. Review of Literature suggests that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, Alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids is responsible for antiulcerogenic activity. Preliminary Phytochemical investigation of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from bark powder of symplocos racemosa (SR) reveals the presence of tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids and steroids .Hence the present study aims at pharmacological evaluation of anti ulcer activity of  SR (symplocaceae) in experimentally induced (pylorus ligation and Aspirin-induced) ulcers in rat models. LD₅₀ was found to be 2000mg/kg body weight, so, the therapeutic doses 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg were selected for both the extracts (alcoholic and ethanolic). Considering the parameters like p^H , gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index (percentage protection) we concluded that aqueous extract 500mg/body weight was equipotent to  the  standard (lansoprazole-8mg/kg body weight). The same results was reflected by statistical analysis (one way ANOVA  p<0.05) and histopathological study.

Surface and underground water, veritable sources of drinking water to the Ikono inhabitants were investigated. Water samples were collected randomly from the area within a period of 30days and characterized for various physical, chemical and microbial parameters including nitrate, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride and total alkalinity and E. coli. Results showed variability in chemical and biological composition and informed that water sources were not polluted when compared with reference standards which serves as guidelines with respect to parameters examined. However, some points showed elevated microbial count which indicates some level of pollution of water points with human faeces and other warm blooded animals. From the result of the analysis, water in most parts of the area is fit for drinking and other domestic purposes.