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In most African countries, it is exceedingly difficult to make the transition from youth to adulthood. Some people have attributed this to the hard economic times facing governments. Others have pointed it to the inadequate systems of education where as the rest blame it to poor planning. Statistics has it that most of the people after secondary level of education would wish to go to university. However, due to our filtering system, the smallest group makes it to this level. Those who don’t achieve the marks required join training colleges. There is still a 3rd group, which is unfortunately the largest, who still do not attain the mark to warrant them a place to these training colleges. Technical institutes were created to cater for the 3rd group. The technical institutions train on different skills which an individual could get employment in the informal sector. While some choose to be self employed, others are employed by people who have established themselves with enterprises which specialize in that particular trade. Machakos and Kakamega counties have been blessed by hosting a number of universities and upgrading technical institutes to university colleges. However, technical institutes are scarce and cannot comfortably cater for the 3rd group for as indicated earlier; it is the largest in numbers. In this 3rd group, there is a particular category called persons with disabilities. There is a strong temptation to write off what is strongly referred to as “a lost generation”. The question is, will we sit and watch as the so called “the lost generation” is written off? This paper seeks to show that the challenged have something to prove and given the opportunity they can assert themselves. An inclusive institute is what we are proposing. Inadequate educational system combined with the challenges of PWDs in job placement poses a challenge in acquiring financial security thereby hampering the transition from youth to adulthood. In the African setting, one is considered to be an adult when he/she is independent. This is not the case with persons with disabilities for in most cases they are considered as dependants. Some challenged youth gain technical training in the few special vocational training institutes but cannot compete with their peers. More often than not, their path is blocked because they are seen as liabilities. The idea of a sheltered workshop proposed in this paper seeks to address the informal sector for persons with disabilities. This will involve both vocational training on different skills together with placement and a full workshop where there will be immediate employment for individuals who graduate from the trainings. This initiative is aimed at improving job skills and awareness and possibly coming up with a show room where the finished products could be exhibited for the purpose of marketing. This project will focus on educating and socializing the people with special needs to play a role in the county’s development and growth. The paper proposes a sustainable, gender based and inclusive human resource development initiative.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method at different solution temperatures 37?C,50? C and 70?C and calcined at 700?C.The crystalline structure of NiO NPs were studied by X-ray diffractometer ( XRD).The results confirmed the cubic structure of Nickel oxide nanoparticles and the solution temperature has no effect on crystal structure .The optical properties of the NiO samples were characterized by FT-IR,UV-VIS and PL and the morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry characterization was carried out to study the qualitative information about the potentials at which electrochemical reactions occur.

Polystyrene-anchored Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), MoO₂(II), UO₂(II), Fe(III) and Zr(IV), complexes of unsymmetrical dibasic tetradentate ONNO donor Schiff base derived from the condensation of chloromethylated polystyrene, 3-formylsalicylic acid, ethylenediamine and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (PS–LH₂) have been synthesized. The polystyrene anchored complexes have the formulae: PS–LM (where M = Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, MoO₂, UO₂), PS–LFeCl×DMF, PS–LMn×2DMF and PS–LZr(OH)₂×DMF. The polystyrene-anchored coordination compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, reflectance, ESR and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The per cent reaction conversion of polystyrene anchored Schiff base to polystyrene supported coordination compounds lies between 24.0–77.9. The coordinated dimethylformamide is completely lost on heating the complexes. The shifts of the n(C=N)(azomethine) and n(C–O)(phenolic) stretches have been monitored in order to find out the donor sites of the ligands. The Cu(II) complex is paramagnetic with square planar structure; the Ni(II) complex is diamagnetic with square planar structure; the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes are diamagnetic and have tetrahedral structure; the Mn(II) and Fe(III) complexes are paramagnetic and have octahedral structure; the MoO₂(II) and UO₂(II) complexes are diamagnetic and have octahedral structure and the Zr(IV) complex is diamagnetic and has pentagonal bipyramidal structure.

Background: The caesarean section rate has increased all over the world for the past 3 decades. This has now become an issue of intemational public health concern. Obstetric intervention would have the risks to both the mother and baby.There is no clinical evidence justified caesarean section lead to better outcomes. Methods: The main objective of this clinical audit was to test if maternal and neonatal outcomes improved with increase in caesarean section rate. An observational retrospective study was carried out in our university hospital from January 2004 till January 2014.Data were collected from registered files at the department of gynecology and obstetrics in El-Minia University Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014. Data included personal history (age, residence), medical history, obstetric history (antenatal care, number of pregnancies, number of labor) operative details and suspected cause of death. In situations where these data were deficient, verbal autopsy was done through interview with patient relatives or phoning them. Results: There was a significant increase in caesarean section rate from 18.4% in 2004 to 23.6% in 2014. Failure of progress and fetal distress were the primary indications for emergency caesarean section, while previous caesarean birth, maipresentation and maternal request were common reasons for elective caesarean section. Both maternal request and repeat caesarean section were significantly increased across 10- year study period. Advanced maternal age was indicated as a contributing factor for caesarean section.Maternal blood loss was significantly higher in women with caesarean section than normal vaginal delivery and assisted delivery. More obstetric perineal trauma was found in women with normal vaginal births.Subgroups of gestational age less than 33 weeks and birth weight 1 toI .5kg had the highest caesarean section rate. Newborns delivered by caesarean section had lower Apgar score i minute after birth than those by normal vaginal delivery. Higher rate of admission to neonatal intensive care unit was found in newborns delivered by caesarean section. More serious birth trauma occurred in newborns by instrumental delivery. Conclusion: caesarean section rate is significantly increased in those with previous history of caesarean section (11.16%).The main indications were done in primiparas and fetal distress. A 4.02% decrease was found in sections done for fetal distress. Key words: caesarean section, maternal outcome, fetal outcome

The e-healthcare applications are considered as a promising field in wireless sensor networks, where patients can be monitored using wireless medical sensor networks (WMSN). Recent research in WMSN healthcare is focused on patient reliable communication, patient mobility, and energy-efficient routing. Deploying new technologies in healthcare applications without considering security makes patient privacy vulnerable. Security is a paramount requirement of healthcare applications, especially in the case of patient privacy, if the patient has an embarrassing disease. This paper will discuss on various security mechanism, privacy issues and requirement of e-healthcare applications.

This project aims at detecting and alerting the user about the carbon di-oxide and the carbon monoxide levels in the surrounding. This is a programmed project so that the threshold levels can be changed according to the surroundings. For example: house, storage facility, chemical laboratory, etc.

The evaluation of the proportion in urban land territorial use planning will be done for allocation of each use planning to the most suitable land with the aims of achieving the most efficiency in allocate use planning in regarding to giving the services to citizens and other controls and urban land activities as well. This operation is as a complicated process for its effects and its more dependencies of other different controls on each other and also on daily urban land activities and the effects of profits and several factors on urban land controls activities will increase the complexity of the problem. The mentioned complexity is lead synchronizing to use of the different tools for decision support informational system (space) and analyses the multi-criteria (SMCDM). One of the most important problems in urban land programming is determining the adequacy in land control. In this problem should be determined the best use planning for each unit of land according to environmental factors such as slope, height, aspects of slope, continent, erosion, lands sufficiency, dust and social and economical factors too. In this research work is conveyed four suitable methods to controls by spatial decision making methods in terms of Topsis, Electre, Saw, Ahp according to environmental criteria. The result of this research work is the most important usage for SMCDM in urban land programming subjects, determining the scale of different applies for each spatial unit in which is able to calculate by spatial multi-Criteria decision making systems.

Hazardous-waste management, is defined as the collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled, can cause substantial harm to human health and safety or to the environment. Hazardous wastes can take the form of solids, liquids, sludges, or contained gases and they are generated primarily by chemical production, manufacturing, and other industrial activities. Proper management and control can greatly reduce the dangers of hazardous waste. There are many rules for managing hazardous waste and preventing releases into the environment. Even so, a lot can go wrong when we try to contain hazardous waste. Even the most technologically advanced landfills we build will leak someday. Tanks used for storing petroleum products and other chemicals can leak and catch fire; underground storage tanks weaken over time and leak their hazardous contents. Transportation accidents, such as train crashes and overturned trucks, can occur while transporting hazardous substances. There are also cases of intentional and illegal dumping of hazardous waste in sewer systems, abandoned warehouses, or ditches in remote areas to avoid the costs and rules of safe disposal. This paper discusses the importance of hazardous waste management, outlining legal requirements and the need to comply with standards; Environmental concerns surrounding hazardous waste management, characteristics of hazardous waste. The paper reflects on some major sources of hazardous wastes; Routes of transport of hazardous waste to the environment and exposure to humans, Health and Environmental impacts of industrial hazardous waste; Treatment of hazardous waste categorizing the four major methods: the physical including encapsulation, wetting and physical separation, the chemical, the biological including biodegradation, bioremediation (in-situ and ex-situ) and the thermal methods. The paper also provides faith-based reflections on waste and waste management issues and suggests various waste management techniques outlining various activities that can be practiced at the personal, home and institutional level in sustainable waste management. The paper emphasizes that waste and especially hazardous waste is not only a local issue; other countries all over the world have to deal with this challenge in order to achieve sustainable development. Participants are encouraged to take part in world events that address waste issues such as; World Environment Day (June 5th), Earth Day (April 22nd), World Health Day (April 7th), World Standards Day (October 14th), and International Coastal Clean-up Day (September 20th).

The idea of passing the bosphorus under the sea with a tubular structure is evaluated for the period in question. The evidence of the pocess of driling ground between Üsküdar and the side across is analysed in detail as a proof indicating that this Project was thought to be realized. Main questions of the research is as follows. What is the current situation of these projects. Why was there a need for a tubular passage way? Who were the contactors? What are the Project alternatives? What was the details of design proposals? Why were these cancelled? What kind of a perspective do these projects supply for today and tomorrow? The initial hypothesis before the study is that these projects were a part of governmental renewal program, these were developed as a solution for the problems of the city and cancelled due to war or financial reasons, method is genetic and pragmatic historical research. Up to now, the subject has not been explained in such detail with the agreement text analysed and sources used.

This article discusses the role of the counselor as a leader in the development of TVET in Malaysian universities. Various issues related to the development of children in the area. Today's society thinks that counseling is a professional services performed by a competent and qualified counselors in the counseling field. According to Abdul Halim, (2000) counseling services in Malaysia has just created as a result of the UNESCO declaration to the Ministry of Education through an expert consultant RK MacKenzie from Canada. In 1962 to 1963, he has trained managers from state education departments in matters related to counseling and guidance. As a result of this effort, a book on School Services Guide was published by Macmillan in 1966. Role of the counselor is seen from the four aspects of leadership, the practice of secrecy, selection of participants and follow-up (Fadilah and Maisarah 2002).