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Unit root tests used to examine non stationarity in a series at times give misleading results if possible structural breaks in the series are ignored. This study examined the presence of unit root in REER in India in the presence of structural breaks in the post reform period by using recent endogenous structural break unit root test. The results of the study reveal that there is no unit root in REER implying that it follows mean reversion.

Literature is most commonly used to refer to words of creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. It is the body of written works of a language, period or culture. Literature is a mirror of life as well as a tool which writers use to mirror and reflect their societies. It has become a means of self expression, an avenue through which the realities of human conditions are brought to limelight. In other words, the literature of any given society is a reflection of the socio-political, economic as well as the religious background of the society. These points out the idea that literature does not exist in a vacuum rather it is from the real life events, experiences and issues in our contemporary society. In this regard, one can assert that what writers put together and blend in their work, under the powers of imagination and creative ingenuity is only a collection of real life events, facts and ideas from their own world. Writers concern themselves with socio-political, economic and religious issues prevalent in their society. This paper studies Realism in some selected works of writers. The authors under study are Asika Ikechukwu and Jane Austen. The works are Follow the River and Pride and Prejudice. The aim of the study is to determine and expose how these writers gleaned and selected their materials from real life events, in order to buttress it as part of its contribution. This shows how literature and creative works of many writers is nothing but a project of their real life situation and experiences or of those probably close to them. From the study, the researcher gathered and analyzed how man's inhumanity, class consciousness, materialism and poverty among other real life vices, provided materials with which these authors created their fictitious works, experiences and ideas.

Table of contents for the month of August 2018

Table of contents for the month of March 2019

This paper was taken the loss and risk concepts, the objective of this paper is to estimate the loss and the risk in the Bayes method, as illustrated in the related case Where the prior distribution of the random variable is discrete and continuous, it applied on crop sales data in the continuous case, while it applied by two examples in the discrete case. Then the estimator of the loss function is the mean posterior distribution of the random variable, so it’s the same with median posterior distribution, hence is also the Bayes estimator with respect to a loss function equal to absolute deviation. The Bayes risk is a real value is the average of the loss function, so the smallest estimator who is the best estimator of the Bayes risk.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common musculoskeletal disorder worldwide. Knee and hip joints are most commonly affected by OA, and their impact on public health is remarkable. The effects of OA on an individual are also considerable. The symptoms of OA, such as pain and stiffness of the joints and muscle weakness, are serious risk factors for mobility limitation and impaired quality of life. Osteoarthritis begins in the cartilage and eventually leads to the two opposing bones eroding into each other. Laboratory tests (using X-rays) for rheumatologic problems lack the sensitivity and specificity to allow their use as screening tools. Diagnosis is the critical challenge in MEMS research. This paper deals with the design of capacitive comb drive sensor for diagnosing joint-cartilage disorder including the degradation of joints and inflammation. The comparison between various stages of osteoarthritis leads to the diagnosis

We report a case of Fisher/guillainbarré overlap in a 14 years old patient with antecedent of an infectious respiratory event one week before the installation of Miller fisher Syndrome. The symptomatology rapidly evolved into a case of guillainbarré with respiratory and deglutition disorders. The patient received 2 courses of IvIg, 5 days each, with a 2 weeks interval which resulted in a total decline of paralysis and motor recovery. This case shows the importance of meticulous surveillance of patients with Miller Fisher syndrome in order to act on first symptoms of a guillainbarré overlap.

In this paper we present a new method to compute the determinants of matrices of order 4. This method computes the determinant of matrices of order 4 by using the schemes.

Condensation of ethyl acetoacetate 2 with thiosemicarbazide 1a gave hydrazone derivative 4 not pyrazolone 5. Pyrazolone 5 can be obtained by treatment of 4 with 5 % sodium hydroxide in ethanol. Reactions of 4 with phencyl bromide, aryl diazonium chloride , arylidene malononitrile afforded pyrazole derivatives 6, 7 and pyranopyrazole 8 respectively. Also, treatment of 4 with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA) gave compound 11 not 9 nor 10. Reactions of pyrazole derivatives 6 with arylidene malononitrile afforded condensed compound 15 which was obtained by reaction with aromatic aldehydes. While reaction of 6 with DMFDMA gave the corresponding enamine 16.

In recent years, marine oil pollution resulting from exploitation spills and accidents during oil transportation and use has affected the marine ecosystem safety, and oil polluted sea water remediation becomes a global problem. Peanut shell possesses a good property of adsorption pollutants and it can be easily obtained from the abundant produce of peanut all around the world. This experiment used carbonized peanut shell (CPS) as adsorbent; aiming to purify oil polluted sea water and explore optimal adsorption conditions and effects. Six sets of experiments were done under the initial oil concentration of 1.35 mg/L and CPS dosages of 0, 6.67, 13.33, 20, 26.67, 33.33 g/l, separately. Seventy percent of oil was removed under the ideal dosage of 13.33 g/l, getting the minimum oil concentration of 0.39 mg/l. Another six sets of experiments were also done under the adsorption time of 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 hand the same CPS dosage of 13.33 mg/l. The ideal removals of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (35.5%) and oil (71%) were obtained after 3 hours adsorption, while the highest COD removal gets to 47.5%.