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Power generation efficiency of a DMFC depends on the concentration of methanol solution, hence analysis on the development of methanol concentration sensor is getting importance. Measurement of methanol concentration using various techniques namely MEMS, Capacitive type, Dielectric constant and piezoelectric crystal are critically analyzed in this paper. Based on the specific requirement, a particular type of methanol concentration sensor is utilized for the defined power output of DMFC.

The main objective of the research work was to check the presence or absence of the phytochemical constituents in the E. officinalis. The results of the phytochemical analysis of this medicinal plant showed that the terpenoids, tannins, reducing sugar, flavonoids and alkaloids were found to be present in mentioned medicinal plant.

In a world of diminishing resources, current research efforts are often directed to extending the life of existing resources and developing technology to treat resources deemed uneconomic. To this end, biotechnology has been explored as a potential low cost, environmentally benign alternative to many of the current mineral processing techniques. Microorganisms and their metabolites have been successfully applied in the leaching of metals from medium and low grade sulfide minerals for many years. Recent fundamental studies have shown that selected bacteria may also assist in the beneficiation of these minerals through bio-flotation. Interaction between Rhodococcus erythropolis with minerals such as hematite, and quartz brought about signi?cant surface chemical changes of the minerals surfaces. Quartz was rendered more hydrophilic, while hematite became more hydrophobic after bio-treatment. Different characterization techniques for single minerals and bacteria before and after interaction as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), zeta potential have been done.

Probing biomolecules by ultrasonic techniques is novel and powerful tool for characterizing their physico-chemical properties. Peptides find wide applications in drug production and as an ingredient in nutritional supplements. Glycyl-L-Glycine is the simplest dipeptide used in biochemical research and in the preparation of biodegradable polymers. Measurement of ultrasonic velocity plays an important role in the study of transport propeties of liquids/solution. In the present work, the acoustic and transport properties such as adiabatic compressibility, specific acoustic impedance, intermolecular free length, internal presure and free volume are computed for various molalities and at various temperatures. The results are analysed on the basis of solute-solvent interactions.

Helwan named one of the important cities of the Sassanian period (652-226 AD) the building is attributed to G. Sasanian. The provincial capital city called "Shazfyrvz" It has been five Tasoojs to "win Quazi" "Mountains," "Symr", "Erbil" and "Khanaqin" has taken on. In this study, some of the specification gay nature and the source of ancient city located at the Bridge drainage analysis and the study of their nature and characteristics of the formation of the bridge, drainage, and religious minorities in the city explains the result religious formation and location of the city is reached.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality that is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. Hepatic toxicity greatly contributes to VL morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate liver damage in Sudanese patients with VL as evidenced by apoptosis and lipid metabolism derangement. In a prospective analytical, hospital-based and case-controlled study and following informed consent, eighty patients with parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis and eighty apparently healthy age and sex unmatched volunteers [comparators] were enrolled in the study. Serum cytochrome C was measured by ELISA while serum lipids were measured using BioSystems A15 Chemistry Auto-analyzer. Cytochrome C concentrations in VL patients were significantly higher compared to apparently healthy volunteers with no significant difference between pre and post-treatment samples. Patients with VL showed marked hypo-cholestereamia, very low serum levels of LDL and HDL with most patients showing markedly increased triglycerides levels. Deranged lipid metabolism in VL patients could be due to hepatotoxicity or sequestration and/or degradation of lipoproteins in enlarged livers and spleens. In conclusion, hypocholestereamia, low levels of LDL/HDL, high triglycerides levels and increased serum cytochrome C are important features of hepatotoxicity in VL. Increased serum cytochrome C level is probably an important surrogate marker of hepatocytes apoptosis.

Green building research and construction is getting day by day a place in construction industry worldwide. With augmenting issues of environment and growing concern over climate change, a social sustainable green building research is getting importance. However, construction of green buildings still encounters impediments, as there is a lack of proper framework and research. The present study aims to identify common barriers encountered and social factors which are important for the sustainability of green building research. The findings from this review reveal that, although project cost is the paramount barrier among others, there is no paucity in sustainable knowledge in construction industry. Furthermore, a sustainable green building research (SGBR) framework for green building construction should be developed to overcome the barriers.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an important African cereal crop and is listed among Africa’s lost crops but is now gaining popularity as other cereals are declining in production due to climatic change. To promote food security, many researchers and policy makers are shifting the focus on production of sorghum. In Kenya, sorghum is primarily grown in ASALs whose suitability is climatic factors but the extent is not known. This paper modeled the potential sorghum suitable areas of current and the years 2050 and 2080 climatic periods. The sorghum location data were downloaded from GENESYS and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute while climate data was from world climate database website. Analysis was done using Maxent and DIVA-GIS softwares. The model generated an excellent AUC of 0.97 and the suitable areas in the future are shown to expand in both 2050 and 2080 climatic periods though not in same magnitude. The main variables contributing more than 10 % of change in suitability areas in decreasing order are precipitation of wettest period, temperature seasonality (STD * 100), precipitation of warmest quarter, and precipitation of driest month. The generated information will guide the policy makers and stakeholders in making informed decisions with regard to the efforts of re-introduction and promotion of sorghum production in ASALs.

Cut twigs with fresh leaf of Som plant (PerseabombycinaKost) are used in indoor rearing of Muga Silkworm (Antheraeaassamensis) as food. Through the consumption of leaf the silkworm get required water content and nutrients for their normal metabolic activities for growth and development. A number of chemicals in single and combination were tested as water solutions keeping the twigs lower cut ends dip in solution inside bottles. Sucrose and gibber relic acid solutions are found to keep the leaf fresh for considerable period. Sucrose at a concentration of 40 g per liter of distilled water keep leafs fresh up to 96 hours. This concentration of the solution has a pH value of 3.25. Gibber relic acid solution at the concentration of 0.01 g per liter of distilled water with pH measuring 4.00 keeps leafs fresh for 36 hours. The best concentrations of these two chemicals were also worked out to be 4% for sucrose and 0.015% for gibber relic acid that give a pH value of 4.2 in distilled water. This concentration of gibber relic acid keeps Som plan leafs fresh for 48 hours.

The quest for a versatile standardization method for Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Technique has been the major driving force behind many research works for the past few decades. The key factor is the desire to overcome the limitation of dependence on multi-elemental standards without sacrificing analytical accuracy and experimental simplicity. Appraisal of the different approaches towards standardization of Neutron Activation Analysis has been carried out; re-visiting the strengths and weaknesses of each standardization method. k0-standardization method is proposed to be the most suitable for its robustness and for providing remedy to the drawbacks in other methods. The basic principle of Neutron Activation Analysis and the superior qualities of k0-standardization has been reviewed.