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Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) was field grown at population densities of 10.0, 13.3, 17.8, 20.0, 26.7 and 40.0 x 103 plants/ha and evaluated for herbage yield and quality 63 days after planting. Dry matter (DM) yield of all the plant components examined increased up to a density of 26.7 x 103 plants/ha and then declined. The leaf fraction and the total plant recorded maximum of 3698 and 5787 Kg DM/ha respectively. As population density increased, the leaf: stem ratio decreased from 2.7 to 2.0 to 1.6. The leaf blade, leaf stalk, stem (main stem and young branches) and developing inflorescences fraction registered averages of 24.5, 8.6, 7.8 and 17.8 % crude protein respectively. It could be concluded that Jack bean has the potential to serve as supplement to low quality ruminant feed sources.

The research is to investigate the denitrosation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the mitochondrial fractions (MF) and post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF) of liver, kidney, spleen and testes of rats and to determine the level of toxicity in these organs. In the first part of the work, a group of male albino rats (5 rats) was used to obtain the organs whose homogenates were used for the Kinetic experiments. In the second part, two groups were used. One group was group was treated with 2.5mg/kg NDMA twice per week for four weeks, while the other group was the control. The organs obtained from the rats were used for histology and biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and GGT). In the four organs, the level of nitrite was found to be higher in the MF than PMF. The (Km) values of denitrosation were lower in the MF than the PMF. The Km values for the MF of the kidney, spleen and testes were calculated to be 0.005, 0.004, 0.004 and 0.005 ?M, respectively, while the Km values for the PMF were calculated to be 0.013, 0.025, 0.007 and 0.033 ?M, respectively. The activities of ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum and liver were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the NDMA-treated rats than controls. Histology showed the presence of shrunken hepatocytes in liver, interstitial cellular infiltration in kidney, lymphoid depletion in spleen, and severe subcapsular congestion in the testes of NDMA-treated rats, compared with controls. This research shows that NDMA denitrosating enzymes in the MF have greater affinity for NDMA than the same enzymes in the PMF, It also shows that NDMA at a low dose could induce toxicity in the spleen, kidney, testes, as well as liver.

Table of contents for the month of April 2015

One of the major concerns in today's world is the pollution and contamination of soil. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has caused serious health diseases. Many studies revealed a microbial preparation (biofertilizer) does not harm to the environment. Pisum sativum (Garden Pea) is known for its dietary protein source, fodder for animals and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium present in its root nodules. This study revealed that organism cannot grow on Glucose-Peptone Agar plate but able to grow on Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar medium (YEMA) plates and detains pink colour of YEMA medium. Different biochemical tests were done to identify Rhizobium like urease, nitrate reduction, oxidase, catalase and salt tolerance test. The present study describes the optimization of production parameters and evaluation of shelf life of Rhizobium biofertilizer inoculated in multani mitti and coal ash. It utilizes sucrose as sole carbon source, different amount of yeast extract and salts such as Epsom salt (Sendha namak), Halite (Kala namak), NaCl, NaNO3, KI. The Rhizobium isolated from Pisum sativum roots has potential to produce industrially important biofertilizer. Quality control tests were done at the stage of mother culture, production culture and purity of carrier materials. Utilization of coal ash and multani mitti as carrier in biofertilizer formulations emerged as safe and effective alternatives. Shelf life of Rhizobium biofertizer in coal ash was found to have better growth for two months. The Rhizobium can be easily immobilized onto carriers like coal ash and multani mitti hence the best way to control waste like coal ash.

Development of technology in education brings extended enhancement of pedagogical in teaching and learning of electric & magnet subject. This paper is focused in designing electric & magnet problem solving tool. Flash8 software is used to develop 15 animations related to the electric & magnet topic: Magnetic field. All those animations are then compiled in a sheet of prezi.com presentation software as an animated mind-mapping hypermedia presentation. Result of the complete page can be accessed in Google website if the keywords were entered. Despite the tool also can be downloaded as apps from your iPad, iPhone or android in the Monkey market or in the Android market. This problem solving aids is also recommended for the tutorial, teaching or e-learning purposes. Although the design focused on the electric & magnet topic, it is also applicable to be performed in any other subject area.

We are very happy to announce that from 31st July 2015, Prof. Goswami Tridib Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Food Processing and Preservation. Prof. Goswami Tridib Kumar currently working as Professor, Department of Agricultural And Food Engineering, IIT, Kharagpur – 721302, India. The appointment of Prof. Goswami Tridib Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

We are very happy to announce that from 8th June 2015, Prof. Ubaldo Comite has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Private and Public Management, Nonprofit Organizations and Accounting. Prof. Ubaldo Comite currently working as Professor, Department of Business Sciences, Budget and Business Organization at the Faculty of Economy, University of Calabria, Italy. The appointment of Prof. Ubaldo Comite as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

Chang et al proposed an integrated inventory model with an order-size-dependent trade credit. However, quality issues were not discussed in their model. It is unrealistic for a production system to produce 100 percent good products. This paper extends Chang et al. model and studies an integrated supplier-retailer inventory model where trade credit and defective items are considered. Therefore, to incorporate the concept of supplier – retailer integration and order-size-dependent trade credit, we present a stylized model to determine the optimal strategy for an integrated supplier -retailer inventory system under the condition of trade credit linked to the order quantity, where the demand rate is considered to be a decreasing function of the retail price. In this paper, we propose an integrated supplier–retailer inventory model in which both supplier and retailer have adopted trade credit policies, and the retailer receives an arriving lot containing some defective items. An attempt is made to characterize the preservation technology for deteriorating items to reduce the deterioration rate. Moreover, we consider the capital investment in quality improvement. The objective of our analysis is to determine the optimal ordering, shipping, and quality improvement policies to maximize joint total profit per unit time. Results have been validated with relevant examples.

Holy Quran in thoughts, words and deeds Householdt: embodiment and objectivity of the findings, and character Sage and holy and spoke to them, directly or indirectly, of God's enlightening book, in its different aspects, in this paper, based on an analytical method - descriptive, and enjoying written and unwritten sources, to examine the place of the Holy Quran, the life of Imam Reza (AS) has been paid, and for this purpose, as stated in the Quran The importance of individual issues and social holiness has been, and observed that, in the important missions of Imams, the propagation of religion, expression and interpretation of the provisions of the Quran. Imam Reza, the true interpreters of the Quran, full of life Bless them, a very special thanks to this great guide to have, and in addition to the use of personal after it had other dimensions, the frequency of interest These books have been transferred to others.

Employees play a substantive role in taking many decisions in organizations. Whether the decisions made with regards to the employees are just is occasionally questioned. The behaviors of the employees against justice began to be analyzed, as justice being taken seriously in organization. (Serdar ÇÖP et al.,2008) Without a perception of justice and fairness, organizations will have great difficulty in motivating and guiding employees. Organizational fairness demonstrates the administration’s respect for employees and produces a bridge of trust that ultimately strengthens the employees’ commitment to the organization employees who feel that their employing organization is fair and just in dealing with workers will encourage trust and loyalty ., and this will ultimately increase the organizational commitment of the worker. ( Lambert,2003)