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This paper introduces a new improved ratio estimator for population mean in stratified random sampling using calibration estimation theory. Following the results of an empirical study, it is deduced that the proposed estimator is substantially more efficient than existing estimators of its class.

Uses of Wireless sensor networks have been widely seen in the fields of target detection and tracking, environmental monitoring, industrial process monitoring, and tactical systems. In wireless sensor networks nodes work with an incomplete power source, energy efficient operations in an important factor of the nodes in wireless sensor network. Energy conservation plays important role in different layers of the TCP/IP protocol suit, and for MAC layer it is the effective part. Therefore, to work in wireless communicating sensors network, we use MAC protocol which improve energy efficiency by increasing sleep duration, decreasing idle listening and overhearing, and eliminating hidden terminal problem or collision of packets. In this paper First section we describe the accessible energy –efficient MAC protocols for sensor networks their energy saving method. In Second section we discuss the architecture of same protocols and then compare same protocols depending on their Advantages and Disadvantages.

Institutional counsellors, like all mental health professionals are at a high risk of suffering burnout. High caseloads and job role ambiguity increase their propensity for burnout. The purpose of this study was to establish counsellor burnout levels in public and in private universities in Uasin Gishu County. The target population comprised of counsellors from all public and private universities in Uasin Gishu County. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Questionnaire (MBIQ) was used to collect data. The study established that burnout levels among counsellors in the public universities were found to be higher than in the private universities. The caseloads handled by counsellors in public universities were generally higher than those of their counterparts in private universities due to the student-counsellor ratio in public universities which was higher than the recommended ratio. Counsellor Training Institutions (CTI) should incorporate burnout theoretical knowledge in the counsellor training curriculum. The findings are significant to the management of universities and other learning institutions in formulating policies on student-counsellor ratio. Key words: Counsellor, Burnout, Burnout levels, Public University, Private University

The digital divide manifests the unbalanced growth between developed and developing world. This paper analyzed the existing digital divide through retrieving data in the period of 2000 - 2014 in Ethiopia. The result revealed that a huge gap in sex-disaggregated information appeared in Ethiopia. In addition, poverty, education and infrastructural development significantly affected accessibility, use and skill discrepancy in ICT between the genders. The digital divide trajectory is diminishing over time as the educational attainment and level of income increasing.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by intestinal inflammation and mucosal tissue damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pathogenic role in UC. The aim was to examine the treatment effect of sildenafil, a cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, in the experimental rat model of UC. Intrarectal instillation of acetic acid (1ml 5% v/v) was used to induce UC. Sildenafil was used at dose of 10 mg/kg. Rats received treatment for 5 consecutive days. On day 6, the rats were sacrificed, colon was removed, then the body weight, colon weight/length ratio, tissue glutathione (GSH) concentration, macroscopic, and histopathological evaluations, were performed. The levels of body weight, and colon weight/length ratio were decreased significantly (???? < 0.05). The glutathione (GSH) concentration was increased significantly (???? < 0.05). The macroscopic and histopathological parameters were decreased, but it didn’t reduce significantly in the Sildenafil treated groups, compared to acetic acid-treated group.The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Sildenafil in treating the UC are due to its potential to reduce the colon weight/length ratio, increased GSH, and improving the macroscopic, and histological markers.

The Democratic Republic of Congo has for thirty years, five operational mobile telephonic companies. No descriptive survey was conducted to assess the real risk for mental health of Call Center workers. The main objective was to contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of job strain among teleoperators in Kinshasa. Specifics objectives were : 1) to describe the socio-demographical characteristics of Call Center workers ; 2) to identify the job strain among teleoperators ; 3) to measure the relation between job strain and work time within the Call Center ; 4) to measure association between job strain and socio-demographical characteristics. The study was conducted in five Call Center s in Kinshasa, a sample convenience of 110 people was recruited pursuant to individual consent as per the Helsinki Declaration. They were informed of terms of reference regarding their participation and the research objective. Data were collected using standardised Karasek Questionnaire French version validated by the Sumer Inquiry 2003.Spss 20 software was used to analyze data and the khi-square to measure the association between variables. This version evaluates three dimensions: psychological demand, decisional latitude and social support. One hundred and ten people were surveyed averaging 30 years. Most of them were male, university graduates and unmarried. 75.5% of participants presented job strain, 60% have spent six months or more in Call Center s. There was a significant relation between working time within Call Center s and inherent job strain. Six months was a minimum time during which psychological factors negatively impacted teleoperators’ mental health. This study focused on Call Center teleoperators, demonstrated that teleoperators were affected by job strain (high psychological demands and low decisional latitude). The susceptible minimum exposure time to trigger the disease was evaluated at six months or more. Teleoperators were predominantly male, graduated, youngsters and unmarried.

In Accra (Ghana), it is estimated that, plastic waste takes about 16.5% of the waste stream. In the past two decades, plastics have become the most favoured materials in the food and water packaging industry, contributing to an increase in their proportions in the waste stream in the region. Much earlier in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the use of paper in conventional packaging gave way most especially to polyethylene (low density, linear low density and high density polyethylene) film bags and other plastics as stringent quality standards were required in food and water packaging industries so as to minimize the incidence of food and water related epidemics. In recent years the use of plastics packaging for water and food has become favorable and very convenient. The public has therefore developed a strong desire for the use of plastics since it is less expensive, portable and can easily be carried from one place to another. After using the content, these plastics are indiscriminately discarded, littering the whole environment. These plastics however constitute a major proportion of the waste generated throughout the country, replacing leaves, glass and metals as a cheaper and more efficient means of packaging. In addition plastics collect around the city, choking gutters and drainages, threatening small animals in rivers and streams, affecting soil fertility and polluting beaches and other water bodies since resources available for the management of this waste and, for that matter plastic waste, are inadequate making it difficult to effectively and efficiently manage the waste generated.

Characterization of the ethanolic extract of Randiaaccuminata stem (chewing stick) was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer. The result of the analysis showed that the stem of Randiaaccuminata contain primary and secondary amines, aliphatic amine, alkyl halide, aromatic amine, nitro compounds, alkyne, alkanes, chloride and fluoride ions. The chloride and fluoride ions present in this plant is responsible for its cleaning property. It also prevents tooth decay, remove tooth stain, eliminates tooth aches and also promote cleaner teeth.

The ligand 2,5-bis(phenylcarbamoyl)terephthalicacid (bpctpa) was synthesized and characterized. Novel co-ordination polymers were prepared by using ligand (bpctpa) and transition metal ions viz. Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The co-ordination polymers and parent ligand were characterized by elemental analysis, spectral studies, thermogravimetry, number-average molecular weights ( ), diffuse reflectance spectral studies and magnetic susceptibilities. The biological activity of all the samples has also been monitored against plant pathogens.

Audiolingual is a method of teaching used in teaching languages based on behaviourist psychology and structuralist linguistics. At first, this method had many advocates, but later it was rejected as the result of having some problems. Later on new communicative methods were introduced. They emphasized the role of interaction as the means and the aim of learning a language. Similarly, they had their own problems. Therefore, it has been suggested that it is better not to hold rigidly to a single method, but instead use the points of strength of various methods. This paper intends to combine useful points of the two methods to devise an efficient method for teaching more especially in EFL contexts.