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The study was conducted to determine the variations of age, hair type and body condition score with sperm morphology and cations concentration in 62 Yankasa rams. The results revealed that the average abnormal morphological characteristics of ram semen were; 0.68, 0.47, 0.68, 0.47 and 0.36, respectively for detached midpiece and tail (DMT), midpiece droplet (MPD), detached head (DH), coiled and bent tail (CBT) and acrosome (ACR). Age, hair type and body condition score had significant (P<0.01) effect on sperm morphology except the effect of age on ACR and effect of BCS on MPD and ACR (P>0.05). DMT and DH were more frequent in younger rams of between 12 and 24 months of age than rams of later ages. On the other hand, the problem of MPD was more frequent on rams of 25 to 36 months of age. The CBT was observed more in rams that were between 19-24 months of age. With respect to hair type, the long-smooth haired rams had the highest DMT and DH abnormalities (1.0 x 106), while the short-smooth haired rams had the highest MPD abnormalities (0.6 x 106) while long curly hair type had the highest CBT spermatozoa (0.7x106). However, the short-rough rams showed none of the sperm morphological abnormalities. Age, hair type and body condition score also had significant (P<0.01) effect on semen cation concentrations except the effect of BCS on Na and K ions. The result of this experiment showed that age, hair type and body condition score are important factors in selecting breeding rams for optimum performance.

Community development empower individuals in societies to cooperate, interrelate and take decision to participate in fixing their community challenges. Contemporarily, people mostly perceived development of a community on beautiful building, security on street, with basic infrastructure of good road network and electricity etc but ignored process of building strong relationship among people. Islam had established and described a practical social capital (bonding and bridging) within community which is not always conceded today as a sustainable tool in fostering community participation and development. This paper explore some examples from the Islamic traditions to discuss the ethical framework of Islamic social capital as a motivating mechanism in achieving sustainable community participation and development.

Awqaf, guilds, madrasas, and Sufi orders were significant in the creation of civil societies in Islam since the first century A.H. Awqaf in particular, fostered bonds of social connection among members of different backgrounds giving rise to autonomous groups that political authorities always viewed with mistrust leading to protracted tussles between them. This paper contextualizes the ambiguities between the civil society and the political authorities through the prism of awqaf in Kenya. The change to other forms of charities illustrates the dynamics of endowments in Islam and the urge to guard the autonomy of civil groups in the public sphere.

One of the serious and persistent environmental problem globally is heavy metal pollution. Therefore, a special concern has been given on how to minimize, if not complete removal of their effect in environment. Since waste water is one of the major source of heavy metals, various studies have been conducted over the years on how to remove them from the waste water. This paper reviews some of the important methods that have been used to treat heavy metal waste water. These methods include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. Their Advantages and Limitations in applications are also evaluated.

The article focuses on the Nigerian Youths as Victims of this 21st century, as it is believe that they are the leaders, movers, propellers of the socio economic, political and intellectual development of every nation. This youth have fall victims of the danger of social problems ie poverty, violence, use of arms and a new face of immorality such as baby factory phenomenon etc to survive. What is the hope of the Nigerian youths in the 21st century? Is one of the question raise? Anomie theory was use to explore the Nigerian Youths as victims of the 21st century

One type of a new product for the usefulness of panel wall material containing mixed composite of cement, sand and recycle paper called as Paper Fiber Reinforced Foam Concrete (PFRFC) as upon of the reinforcement addition is expected can improve materials quality for non load bearing wall. Pursuant to study of paper fiber in mixture of concrete it was produce a strong structure materials, environmental friendly and economical. By that, this study have practiced using paper fiber with other mixture of lightweight foamed concrete to search out the good material for lightweight concrete in term of the tension strength, compression strength and absorption of noise. Paper fiber come from wood fiber which have experienced of crushing process, condensation, and pickling have idiosyncrasy in absorbent strength of sound and strength of tension but it is sensitive to water, slow harden and increase the density of foam concrete specimens. Experimental work of PFRFC have been conducted in the form of prism specimen, panel wall and cube, with water ratio, cement, and sand is 0.45 : 1 : 1.5 and mixed with 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of paper fiber. The research ve shows that with addition of paper fiber, the flexural strength of the Paper Fiber Reinforced Foam Concrete (PFRFC) is increases although the compression strength of PFRFC is not as good as the flexural strength. The strength of wall panel of PFRFC is better compared to Normal Foam Concrete (NFC) wall panel in terms of the flexural strength and noise absorption. The density discovered is less than normal concrete density, which are 2400 kg/m3. The PFRFC density is appropriate for the lightweight material for wall panel, which is the range of density, are 800 - 900 kg/m3 for the specimen of PFRFC cube.

Amaranthus hybridus and Adansonia digitata leaves were analysed for their proximate and mineral elements (potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium) using standard methods of food analysis. Ash contents of 19.72±0.5 and 10.63±0.2% for both samples revealed that they are good mineral source. 35.30±6.3 and 45.44±8.1% of carbohydrate concentrations obtained resulted in high energy values. Potassium has the highest concentration among the mineral elements analysed with 1133±4.50 and 892±3.10mg/100g, followed by calcium with 737±2.30 and 1042±6.20mg/100g for the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus and Adansonia digitata respectively. However, the ratio of sodium to potassium values obtained from the two leafy vegetables in this study indicated that they could possibly serve to reduce high blood pressure diseases in the human body. Nutrient density (ND) greater than 100% recorded for all the elements indicated that vegetables of our study can serve as source of supplement for these mineral elements.