Management Arts

The study is examined how employee’s job performance is affected by job involvement and reward system. The main objective of this study is examined how job performance of the employees is affected through described independent variables that are job involvement and reward system in banking sectors. This study examined that Effective Reward system and job involvement of employees playing important role in every organization since from many years and organization itself pays more attention to these kinds of sensitive matters because organization knows these 2 matters can increase their overall profit or increase organizational productivity. This study shows Reward system refers to that program which is offered by any organization for the purpose to increase employee performance and employee productivity.

CSR in India has traditionally been seen as a philanthropic activity because of social life, economic conditions and lack infrastructure. The present study has made an endeavour to comprehend the status and activities made by extensive firms of India in setting to CSR policy framing and implementation. The Government of India has also enhanced its focus on persuading companies to participate in addressing social and developmental issues, not only as a part of their social responsibility but also their business practices. India has entered or taken a transformational change by including into new CSR activities.

Faith in Arabic means 'aqada,ya’qidu, ‘aqdun or ‘uqdah. Generally faith implies strong ties or knots. This knot is tying and usually in the form of bonds associated with maknawi or hissi, where this maknawi bond is stronger than hissi because it can expand by humans. Among the words that are often associated with ‘Aqada’ (maknawi), in sale and purchase (aqada al-Bay’), which means the bond purchase. Apart from that, it also associates with such an agreement (‘aqada al-‘Ahd), which bonds the agreement. The Quran frequently uses the word with the purpose of bonding.

The Study examined gender-based labour contribution and decision making role among maize farming households in Lafia Local Government Area, North-central Nigeria. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from 60 households randomly selected and analyzed with descriptive statistics and decision making index (DMI). The results showed that Male members of maize farming households contributed 74% of the total household labour needed for maize production per hectare in the study area. However, labour contribution towards post-harvest farm operations by female farmers was 16% higher than that of male. Male farmers in maize farming households dominated decision making role for all activities (with DMI? l) except for processing (1.6) and consumption (1.6) of farm produce decision activities. Poor income, culturally gender-assigned responsibility, poor access to farm inputs, multiple domestic responsibility were ranked major constraints to women contribution to household farming decisions. In order to encourage greater participation of women in agricultural production and household farming decisions for increased food production and income, efforts should be made towards improving women access to farm inputs and credit facility. Literacy and sensitization progamme on gender issues should be embark upon for the purpose of promoting shared responsibilities.

Public infrastructure is very vital for the functioning of an urban area. Potable water specifically remains a major United Nations target conveyed through the Millennium development goals. It is crucial for health, safety, environmental sustainability as well as for economic growth and development. Evidence from literature suggests that infrastructure services generally have positive effects on housing values, as they constitute positive externalities to surrounding properties. To this end, an investigation was made on the relative contribution of public water infrastructure on housing rental values in a residential neighborhood in Lagos, Nigeria using a hedonic regression model. Findings from the study revealed the relative impact of public water supply on property rental values. The application of the findings of this study will help direct policy formulation in the areas of urban infrastructure planning and development for investment returns and cost recovery. This is particularly necessary in a region characterized by incoherent institutional arrangements and poor financing strategies for urban infrastructure delivery and maintenance.

With the developing economies like India has opened their flood gates for foreign players as a part of economic reforms many foreign automobile companies like Ford, General Motors, Hyundai, Mercedes-Benz, Peugeot and Volvo etc has entered into Indian market. This has also attracted the giant auto component suppliers throughout the world to come and invest in the Indian automotive industry. As the protection from the government to the small and medium auto component manufacturers has been lifted , the only way they can survive , if they do understand need of market better than their competitors and do adopt better B2B marketing strategies and become marketing oriented rather than production or sales oriented. As it has been found that firms with better marketing orientation has good record of business success. Hence this paper makes an attempt in finding relationship between marketing orientation and performance of small and medium sized auto component manufacturers. It was found that firms with higher level marketing orientation has better profit growth over firms with low level of marketing orientation. The findings are of immense value to marketing practitioners and academicians.

The purpose of research was to study the most important factors that are causing growth of industry and then suggest a plan of action that could be followed in response to the existing decline Of textile growth in Pakistan. The Pakistan textile industry contributes more than 60 percent (US $ 9.6 billion) to the country’s total exports. However, currently this industry is facing great decline in its growth rate. The major reasons for this decline can be the global recession, internal security concerns, the high cost of production due to increase in the energy costs etc. Depreciation of Pakistani rupee that significantly raised the cost of imported inputs, rise in inflation rate, and high cost of financing has also effected seriously the growth in the textile industry. As a result neither the buyers are able to visit frequently Pakistan nor are the exporters able to travel abroad for effectively marketing their products. With an in-depth investigation it was found that the Pakistan’s textile industry can once again be brought back on winning track if government takes serious actions in removing or normalizing the above mentioned hurdles. Additionally, the government should provide subsidy to the textile industry, minimize the internal dispute among the exporters, withdraw the withholding and sales taxes etc. Purchasing new machinery or enhancing the quality of the existing machinery and introducing new technology can also be very useful in increasing the research & development (R & D) related activities that in the modern era are very important for increasing the industrial growth of a country.

Students were to research on a particular industry sector, study their governance and point out the good, bad and ugly practices of their governance. Here, in this report, I have selected Swissair airline sector for my study. Swissair, considering their dramatic fall (it used to be one of the best airlines and nation’s pride that apparently got market failure, gone under debt in 2002 and the government had to bail it out) was a very good choice for this report. The structure of this report is very simple since the scope was just to point out governance and ethics practices of this company. In my report, I have given a little background information about the company that is followed by the bad governance and ethics practices in Swissair. These bad points are followed by the ugly practices. Now when Swissair saw itself failing they started taking steps that included some governance and ethical changes as well. I have tried to include them in the good points. Overall, my report is a short paper describing governance in Swissair, where I have tried my best to include all major and critically important points.

This paper provides analysis of household characteristics based on micro-level household data of 2004-05 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics (FBS) Islamabad. The cross tabulation analysis of household characteristics and homeownership shows that homeowners as compared to renters are in a better living condition. They have a better quality of houses as well as number of rooms for living is greater than those of non-homeowners are. Electricity connection as a quality indicator for homeownership is the most common utility whereas gas and telephone is the least common. It is also seen that there is no significant difference between renters and homeowners in regard to type of toilets available in houses. In all three areas urban, rural and overall Pakistan, homeownership rate increases as age increases. The analysis shows weak relationship between educational level of household head and homeownership rates. The occupation of the household head has no significant effect on homeownership rate. The households headed by divorced and widowed heads have higher rates of homeownership as compared to the other two categories (currently married and never married).

This paper describes key aspects of the informal employment - its size and composition, its linkages with working poverty and provides more complete picture of the dimensions of informal employment in Pakistan using data of Labour Force Survey since 1999-2009. The data show that informal employment in the country is the result of the economy’s inability to create sufficient numbers of quality jobs to absorb increasing labour force. Compared to 3.4 average annual growth rates of labour force from 1999-2009, the informal sector employment growth rate is 3.6. As a result, share of formal sector employment shrunk from 34% to 26% in case of males and from 34.3% to 27% in case of females. Data further reveal that out of roughly 48.2 million employed people in 2009, about three fourth of them are in informal employment i.e. 37.0 million. The agriculture sector alone absorbs 54.4 percent of the informal employment. The distribution of status in informal employment shows large proportions of own account workers and contributing family workers in informal employment. It is shown that in 2009, more than one third (44.3 per cent) of all informal employed workers in Pakistan work as own-account workers and about one third (35.3 percent) as contributing family workers. Presence of a large informal employment is, in a way challenge to policy makers to consider improved working conditions, legal and social protection of the people employed in the informal economy and implementation of the appropriate regulatory frame work, developing training and skills, etc. To increase job quantity and quality, the emphasis should be placed on investing in people, especially the most vulnerable – in their education, skills training, lifelong learning, health and safety – and encouraging their entrepreneurial initiative.