Aquaculture

Typical time series prediction methods used in many real-world applications. The proposed approach consists of an ARIMA methodology and feed-forward, backpropagation network structure with an optimized conjugated training algorithm. The hybrid approach for time series prediction is tested using 144-month observations of water quality data, including water temperature, Total dissolved solids (TDS) and Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), during 1997–2008 at Karun river, Iran. The correlation coefficients between the hybrid model predicted values and observed data for TDS, SAR and water temperature are 0.935, 0.939, and 0.892, respectively, which are satisfactory in common model applications. Predicted water quality data from the hybrid model are compared with those from the ARIMA methodology and neural network architecture using the accuracy measures.

Fats from guttered Nile tilapia were collected melted into oil and used to fry; eggs, beef sausages and beef. Widely used oils such as vegetable oil and sunflower oils were use as control oils. Ten (10) semi trained panellist judged the test oils used in frying the foods based of the attributes of colour, odour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability using 3 descriptions: “like”, “neutral” and “dislike” The results shows that Tilapia oil can compete favourable with other commercial oil, hence it extraction and use be promoted.

In an effort to improve feed utilization efficiency, promote growth, and reduce production cost Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were subjected to five feeding frequencies: 2 times every day, 3 times every day, 3 times every other day, 8 times every day and 8 times every day (weekend off) for 56 days. Ten fingerlings of mean weight 1.3±0.2g were stocked into each of the fifteen 45L aquaria with 3 replicates per treatment. Fish were fed on commercial diet containing 56% crude protein at 5% body weight per day. The highest percentage weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed 8 times every day which were significantly higher (p<0.05) than all treatments except fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off). The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off) and 3 times every other day with values of 0.67±0.05 and 0.67±0.01 respectively. The best protein efficiency ratio (PER) was also observed in fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off) and 3 times every other day with similar values of 2.69±0.22 and 2.68±0.03 respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the proximate composition of fish carcasses among the treatments. This study indicates that Clarias gariepinus fingerlings could be fed 8 times everyday weekend off.

The present study was made an attempt to identify the biochemical constituents such as protein, carbohydrate and amino acids in Fenneropenaeus indicus tissue and hepatopancreas. The growth rate of F. indicus was identified with three types of feed habits via., live feeds Artemia, algae (Chlorella sp.) and artificial feed (pellet) inducing the total growth rate was measured by weight biomass. The level of protein, carbohydrate and amino acids content of tissue and hepatopancreas in F. indicus were found maximum in Artemia feed. The Artemia (live feed) resulted better growth and high content of biochemical constituents of the shrimp F. indicus when compare of the other feed.

Re-use of treated wastewater for aquaculture and irrigation offers a possibility for water conservation and sustainable food production, however, the issue of human health is crucial. We assessed quality of water and catfish carp (Clarias gariepinus) in a fishpond receiving treated effluents from a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania for physico-chemical water quality parameters, bacteria, nitrogen and heavy metals. Concentrations were compared to WHO standards to assess potential health risks. The water quality parameters conformed to WHO standards. Concentrations of measured toxic metals in water and fish exceeded WHO standards. These results indicate that the reared catfish are not suitable for human consumption.

Clarias gariepinus larvae were reared in the laboratory, at five different densities to assess the effects of stocking density on growth, survival rate and condition factor. Larvae (mean weight, 0.05g, mean total length, 1.63cm) were stocked in five densities 20, 30, 60, 90, 120 larvae, each with a replicate. Temperature range was 24 to 260 C, while oxygen content was 5.8mg/L. The experiment lasted for 30 days from 2nd September, to 1st October, 2011. The specific growth rate, survival and condition factor (± s,e) of larvae stocked at densities of 20, 30, 69 ,90, 120-were : 29.71%,30.42%,29.81%,28.37%,and 27.00%, while condition factor were 8.13, 8.83, 7.95,8.1,and 7.77%.Mortality recorded in the various stocking densities were : 10 .00%, 16.66%,25.00%, 27.22% and 66.67%.The survival rate of the larvae were 90.00%, 83.33%, 75.00%, 72.00% and 33.33%.The result showed that stocking density of 30 fish m-3 had the highest specific growth rate, condition factor and mean weight gain.

Interspecific and intergeneric hybridization studies were carried out in H.longifilis, C. gariepinus and C.anguillaris under controlled hatchery conditions to estimate their aquaculture potential in terms of fertilizability, hatchability and survival. Fertilization rate in all the nine genetic crosses ranges from 60-87.5%, the fertilization rates of the parentals being significantly higher (P<0.05) with highest value of 87.5% obtained in C.gariepinus. The intergeneric hybrids had the lowest rate of fertilization. Hatchability ranges between 75- 88.1% ,with the parental C.anguillaris being slightly significantly higher than the other genetic combinations. C .a x H. l had the lowest hatchability and their was no significant difference (P<0.05) in percent hatching among the interspecific hybrids. The survival rate in all the nine genetic crosses from hatching up to the end of the two weeks indoor rearing period ranges between 78-89%, which wasn’t significantly different among the interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. C. anguillaris and C. gariepinus had the highest percent survival which was significantly different from all the other mating combinations. The intergeneric hybrid had significantly greater (P<0.05) larval length in comparison to the interspecific hybrids. H .longifilis and the hybrids produced from its eggs had significantly greater body weight than that of C. gariepinus and C. anguillaris.

The present work aimed mainly to isolate specific strains of microalgae potentially used in nutrition program in hatcheries. Six indigenous strains of microalgae with high interest were isolated herein using different techniques. Four species of diatoms were gender identified as Navicula sp1, Navicula sp2, Nitzschia sp and Melosira sp, while two species of flagellates were gender identified as Tetraselmis sp and Isochrysis sp. These native species have shown a high growth productivity comparing to other reference species mainly used as feeding source in aquaculture. Given that, hatcheries in Morocco are currently arising, a native algal collection is needed as well.

Aquaculture is growing more rapidly than all other animal food producing sectors. In order to meet out the global rising animal protein demand, aquaculture plays an important role. Fishes are constantly exposed to wide variety of diseases includes bacteria, viral, fungal, and parasites in all water bodies. Bacterial fish diseases constitute one of the major limiting factors for sustainable aquaculture production all over the globe. Environmental conditions such as pollution, poor water quality parameters, intensive culture practice, integrated fish management, etc are the major factors to cause diseases. In the present study diseased fish such as Catla catla, Lobeo rohita, Channa gachua showing symptoms were identified, brought to the laboratory for isolation of bacterial pathogens. Total of 11 isolates were identified based on colony morphology, gram staining, catalase, oxidase reaction. Biochemical test 11 different isolates were reveals heterogeneous characteristics belong to Pseudomonas sp, Aeromonas sp and Vibrio sp. All the 11 different isolates were examined for Antibiogram Assay against commercially available antibiotics. Moreover efficacy of crude Cyanobacterial extracts was tested against this isolates. The antibacterial potency was evaluated using various concentration 50, 100, 150, 200 µg in paper disc. Among these only Pseudomonas sp was sensitive to Synechococcus sp, O. weilli BDU141621 BDU110791 and Lyngbya sp. All other bacterial isolates were resistant to all the cyanobacterial strains O. weilli BDU130781, BDU110791, BDU141621, BDU13791, BDU130411 Phormidium sp, Lyngbya sp, Synechococcus sp strains examined in the present study.

A ciliate Coleps hirtus is primarily a member of the Prostomatea (Schewiakoff, 1896), subclass Hypotrichia. During the period two years Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2008 total number of 1626(677 in Jan. to Dec. 2007 and 947 in Jan. to Dec. 2008) samples was examined, the number of positive samples with Coleps sp. was 281. The percentage prevalence was 14.33 and 19.43 respectively. Morphologically it show barrel shaped body with number of rectangular peculiar calcareous plates and three spinous processes at the posterior side. The characters help to understand this species even in swimming condition.