Nuclear and Radiation

Paper in the work presents the first comprehensive and complete report on the concentration of on natural radioactivity measurements, other fissionable isotopes and the hazard parameters in the NORM samples from different marine environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region (Beach Muddy/Sands, Arabian Gulf Water, Shells and Different types of Marine Fish) collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were measured using gamma spectrometry technique, with high purity germanium detector. The results show that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. The worldwide average values (32, 45 and 420) for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples ranged between [(0.18 - 10.43) Bq/kg with average of 3.26 ± 0.80 Bq/kg, (-0.23 – 3.63) Bq/kg with average of 1.15 ± 0.67 Bq/kg, (1.27 - 110.92) Bq/kg with average of 43.62 ± 1.7 Bq/kg, (0.50 - 10.61) Bq/kg with average of 3.11 ± 0.34 Bq/kg and (ND – 0.35) Bq/kg with average of 0.01 ± 0.01 Bq/kg] respectively. Marine Environment Samples of the Arabian Gulf region in Kuwait have been investigated. Samples were collected along the eastern coastline of the State of Kuwait. All samples were collected from different beach sites in Kuwait. These samples were collected randomly from different locations in these sites (from north to south along the eastern coastline of Arabian Gulf). According to the Kuwaiti samples, the estimated range for (Radium Equivalent Rate, External Hazard Index, Internal Hazard Index, Absorbed Dose, annual effective dose, Gamma Index, Alpha Index) is [(0.79 – 21.80) Bq/kg with average of 8.26 ± 1.90 Bq/kg, (0.00 – 0.06) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.01 Bq/kg, (0.00 – 0.09) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg,(0.36 - 10.68) Bq/kg with average of 4.04 ± 0.86 Bq/kg, (0.44 – 13.10) Bq/kg with average of 4.96 ± 1.06 Bq/kg, (0.00 – 0.08) Bq/kg with average of 0.03 ± 0.01 Bq/kg and (0.00 – 0.05) Bq/kg with average of 0.02 ± 0.00 Bq/kg], respectively. The estimated hazard parameters in all Kuwaiti samples are lower than the recommended limits for occupationally worker. From this study, it was noticed that the average activity concentrations of 226Ra series, 232Th series, 40K, 137Cs and 60Co for Kuwaiti Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. Results obtained are discussed and compared with the international recommended data.

In this paper we have reported the Stokes Parameters of excited Magnesium atom using non-relativistic (DW) and relativistic distorted wave approximation theories (RDW) at incident electron energies 15 and 45 eV. Good agreement has been found on comparison of both DW and RDW methods with each other and the importance of relativistic effect is also explored.

The Einstein generalized general relativity Lagrangian dependent on the second derivatives of the field, when use together with poison equation causes the mass term in the Lagrangian disappear. This means that Higgs field which was proposed to generate mass need to be revised. The work also aimed to see how Einstein generalized general relativity Lagrangian can affect Higgs field.

In this paper, light is shed on the Special Relativity hidden conflicts. The first part will point out some of the Special Relativity self-contradictions in relation to its main outcomes; namely the time dilation, length contraction, relativistic velocity addition, relativistic Doppler shift, and the energy-mass equivalence The second part reveals the reasons beyond the Special Relativity inconsistencies, by demonstrating its mathematical formulation misconceptions, and identifying various contradictions in Einstein’s 1905 derivation of the Special Relativity equations.

The present article discuses the problems of relativistic invariance and commutation relations at unitary quantum theory. The scalar analogue of the main (principal) equation of the unitary quantum theory together with the Poisson equation are solved numerically in this paper. The value of the electrical charge and also the fine-structure constant, are found, which are in good agreement with the experiment. The evaluation of the electrical form factor end the mass of such a particle is also carried out.

The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers on human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. This work was designed and conducted on the basis of selection of the three major telecommunication companies’ towers in Khartoum state, namely ZAIN, SUDANI and MTN. Generally, the measurements employed showed that bigger amount of radiations were detected right away closer to the tower and remain smaller when the distance from the tower is increased. The level of EMR is not that significant and still safe with reference to the recommendation of world health organization (WHO) and International telecommunication corporation (ITC). Therefore a non adverse obvious effect on the biological system is expected.

Radon is one of the most important radioactive elements which are released by natural decay of available uranium and radium in the ground. The presence of the gas is common in various drinking water sources. As a way of prevention, we have measured the activities of radon for sixty-four (64) drinking water samples collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells. This study was conducted during the dry season (December-January) of 2016. The samples were collected from sixty-four (64) water sources (boreholes and hand-dug wells). The concentration of radon was evaluated using solid state nuclear track detector LR-115 type II, with an active layer of 12 ?m on a 100 ?m clear base. The minimum radon concentration in the water sources was 30.17 Bq/m3 (hand-dug well) and the maximum amount was calculated as 115.33 Bq/m3(borehole). Based on the results, radon concentration of the drinking water sources was below the permitted levels of EPA and WHO guidelines. These activities do not present any health risk to the community.

Radon is a naturally occurring colourless, odourless, water-soluble gas produced by the radioactive decay of radium. Chronic exposure to radon is recognized as a health risk. Ingested water with elevated levels of radon can present a risk for developing internal organ cancers. Thirty (30) water samples collected from four different water sources (borehole, pond, hand – dug well and river) in Pwalugu and their environments were analysed using the Gamma Spectrometry System. The radon concentration varied from 29 ± 1.1 to 40 ± 2.1 µBq/L. These values fall below the maximum concentration level, of 0.148 Bq/L proposed by the US EPA. The highest concentration was recorded in borehole samples because of the nature of the geology and because no radon was lost due to aeration. The calculated annual effective dose by ingestion varied between 2.920 × 10-7 and 2.117 × 10-7 Sv/y which is below the recommended value of 1mSv/y.

Radioactivity concentrations of natural radionuclides, namely 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, in fertilized and non-fertilized soils and vegetables from some agricultural areas were investigated using gamma spectrometry in order to assess the radiological implications of the extended use of phosphate fertilizers in agriculture. The mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the fertilized soils were 23.84 ± 2.52 Bqkg-1, 43.64 ± 2.19 Bqkg-1 and 199.69±3.67 Bqkg-1 respectively. For the non-fertilized soils, mean activity concentrations were found to be 14.01 ± 5.90 Bqkg-1 for 226Ra, 29.40 ± 2.03 Bqkg-1 for 232Th and 120.92 ± 4.67 Bqkg-1 for 40K. The study has shown that fertilized soils contain slightly higher concentrations of the three radionuclides than non-fertilized soils. The measured activity concentrations of the five most frequently utilized agricultural fertilizers showed that the highest levels of 226Ra (139.37±11.15kg-1) and 232Th (47.58±3.81 kg-1) were measured in NPK 151515 and the highest level of 40K (8383.47±6.70) was measured in Super master. It was also found that Sulphate of Ammonia recorded the lowest levels of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K. The average value of 226Raeq was 93.32 Bqkg-1for fertilized soils and 63.30 Bqkg-1 for non- fertilized soil. The calculated mean values of the internal hazard index (HIN) and external hazard index (HEX) for all samples were less than unity. The average absorbed dose rate (D?r) values were 38.79 nGyh-1for fertilized soil and 25.60 nGyh-1for non- fertilized soils. The calculated mean annual effective dose due to ingestion of vegetables by the general public was 0.11 mSv/y for 226Ra, 0.05 mSv/y for 232Th and 0.62 mSv/y for 40 K. The result from the study indicates that radiation exposure from consumption of vegetables from the selected farming communities does not pose significant radiological hazard.

The National Radioactive Waste Management Centre (NRWMC) of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission undertakes routine monthly radiation monitoring in and around the vicinity of its storage facility. In collaboration with the government of the United States of America, the Ghana Atomic energy Commission (GAEC) upgraded and intensified the safety and security systems at the radioactive waste storage facility located at the main site of the GAEC. Additional storage/decay rooms were built with more enriched and thicker concrete blocks to be able to contain the radiation. The sources were transferred from the old block to the new re-enforced block. Radiation levels were measured for a period of six months before and after the transfer of the sources and the results compared. An average dose rates of 0.13 nSv/y and 0.02 nSv/y were recorded around walls of the storage facility before and after the transfer of the sources, respectively. The reduction in the dose rate was attributed to the increased thickness of the walls of the new storage block providing enough shielding to the radiation. Comparing the results with the IAEA safety standard on dose limit of 1.0 mSv/y to the public and 20 mSv/y for the radiation worker, it was concluded that the radiation levels emanating from the facility are low and within the allowable limits.