Pharmacy

Seizure have known to occur in various countries across the globe in different dimension as recorded according to the factors. Some of the countries mostly affected are the low income nations with little or no adequate medical treatment access. Such group of disadvantaged community depends more on natural medicine for health maintenance, treatment and cure. Methodology. The plant Parsonsia straminea was sourced from the Wilberforce Island rain forest, Nigeria and herbarium identification number, NDUP/21/001 was given in the Department called Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicine in Niger Delta University, Nigeria. The collected plant was processed with 70 % ethanol extraction. The study is designed as sub-acute, repetitive dose for 15 days (PTZ & STC) and 21 days for electroshock (kindling). The study was grouped as: control (VEH), 50, 100, 200, 400 & 800 mgkg-1 (P.O) of Parsonsia straminea stem bark ethanol extract. The most pharmacologically preferred dose was used for possible GABA-receptors targeted study. Result. The crude drug of the Parsonsia straminea stem bark ethanol extract suggests anti-seizure potential with no sedating effect. Conclusion. The result is a possible promise for anti-seizure management especially in the low income nations that have more access to traditional medicine with narcolepsy management advantage.

The objective of this research was to develop simple, sensitive and stability-indicating zero (0D), first (1D) and second (2D) order derivative spectrophotometric methods for the analysis of zonisamide (ZON) in bulk and dosage forms. The original UV spectrum (zero-order) of ZON aqueous solution was measured at 284 nm against its blank. This spectrum was differentiated instrumentally to generate the first and second derivative spectra which were measured at 271+ 295 nm and 302+ 284 nm, respectively. The developed methods were validated as per ICH guidelines. Also the absorbance ratio between ZON absornance at 239 nm and 284 nm was determined. ZON degradation behavior in both acidic and alkaline media was investigated using first and second derivative spectroscopic methods. ZON obeyed beers law over the concentration ranges (10 ? 60) ?g/ ml for 0D and 1D and (20-100) ?g/ ml for 2D. The correlation coefficient (r) was found to be (0.999 for 0D, 0.999 for 1D and 0.9989 for 2D). The detection and quantitation limits were found to be (LOD= 2.08 for 0D, 1.38 for 1D and 9.53 for 2D) ?g/ ml; LOQ=6.93 for 0D, 4.62 for 1D and 31.8 for 2D) ?g/ ml. The precision of the developed methods were generally very good as RSD% values were ? 5%. The zero-order derivative spectrum of ZON shows two sharp bands at 239 nm and 284 nm. The ratio between the absorbance at these wavelengths was found to be in the range (1.9–2.3) which can be used for qualitative analysis of ZON. Regarding ZON stability profile, it showed that the drug is unstable under acidic and alkaline conditions as it undergo degradation following the first order kinetics and it was found to be unstable in outdoor conditions also.The statistical validation at 95% confidence level proves the sensitivity, precision, accuracy and the stability-indicating properties of the developed methods.

Hematology refers to the study of the numbers and morphology of the cellular elements of the blood; its studies are useful in the diagnosis of many diseases as well as investigation of the extent of damage to blood. Raphia vinifera have been employed in the management and treatment of various ailments. This study aimed at determining the effect of methanol and ethanol extracts of Raphia vinifera fruit mesocarp on the hematological parameters of wistar albino rats. Twenty one (21) healthy male wistar rats (166-274g) were randomly assigned into three groups (n=3) thus: control, methanol and ethanol groups with 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 1000mg/kg dosages. Both methanol and ethanol groups were treated with daily oral administration of 0.1ml of the extracts for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from each animal through cardiac puncture for hematological analysis. In red blood cell indices, the mean values of RBC, HGB, HCT, RDW-CV and RDW-SD of both methanol and ethanol extracts shows higher values than the control. Meanwhile, MCV, MCH and MCHC of the ethanol extract increased when compared to control. White blood cell indices result shows higher values of GRA in methanol and ethanol extracts compared to the control, and WBC, LYM and MON shows increase in 1000mg/kg of ethanol extracts compared to control. In platelet indices, there was an increase in methanol and ethanol extracts of the plant comparing with the control on PLT count, PCT, PDW. Also, MPV and P-LCR exhibited higher counts of 100mg/kg ethanol extract. In conclusion, methanol and ethanol extracts of Raphia vinifera fruit mesocarp shows increased in red blood cell and platelet indices counts while ethanol extract shows increased in white blood cell indices counts compared to the control. In methanol extracts 50mg/kg dose exhibited better count than other doses, while ethanol extracts, 50mg/kg exhibited better counts in RBC indices, 1000mg/kg in WBC and 100mg/kg in platelet indices. In comparison, ethanol extract exhibited better counts than methanol extract. We therefore recommend that R. vinifera fruit mesocarp should be consumed in moderate quantities for hematological benefits. 

Microchip drug delivery system is the most wonderful system of delivering the drug for a great span of time without the intervention of the patient to whom it is fixed. it consists of varied number of sockets containing drug (generally ranging from 50-300) which release the drug at the fixed intervals each at a time. Microchips has developed its core technology for drug delivery by hermetically sealing small quantities of drug in the microreservoirs, and releasing that drug on schedule or demand. In drug delivery, there are several fundamental challenges: Long-term storage and protection of the compound, Appropriate delivery (i.e., timing and pharmacokinetics), Release of precise amounts of a compound at desired interval Compliance to prescribed therapy. A microchip system has the ability to store a large number of drugs or chemicals, control the time at which release begins, and control the rate at which the chemicals are released. Drug delivery device is capable of controlled, pulsatile or continuous release of a wide variety of drugs that can be safely implanted inside the body. The microchip could be integrated with a tiny power supply and controlled by a microprocessor, remote control , or biosensors.

To evaluate the rate control of the hypertensive patients and to identify the risk factors of non-control in the eastern region of Morocco. Our study is an analytical cross-sectional study covering a period of 34 months, between January 2014 and September 2016. The study consisted of 301 hypertensive patients known and treated for at least 4 weeks, having profited from an ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) with therapeutic aiming, collected from the non-invasive cardiology department of the Mohammed VI university hospital of Oujda. We used the BTL-08 ABPM, NBP-24 NG NORAV for the recording and the software SPSS for the data analysis. The threshold was fixed on the average of 24-hours was BP < 130/80 mmHg, and the patients were divided into two groups according to whether they were or not undercontroll There were 161 men (39%) and 185 women (61%), with an average age of 60 years (ranges: 23 to 91 years). Age was the most common cardiovascular risk factor 57%, followed by diabetes in 29%, obesity in 27%, dyslipidemia in 20%, then smoking in 16%. Note that all women in our population were menopausal. 42.5% of our subjects were under signle medication, 45.2% were under double medication and 12.3% were under triple medication. Non-therapeutic control was objectified in 49% of our patients. The prevalence of non-dipping was 45.8%. Advanced age and monotherapy were the risk factors of non-control. Half of hypertensive patients in our study were not adequately controlled under antihypertensive therapy. This work emphasizes the contribution of ABPM in the evaluation of blood pressure control. Factors of poor control were advanced age and monotherapy.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used drugs in medicine for various inflammatory conditions. The study was aimed at determining toxic effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wistar Albino rats by assessing their Biochemical and hematological properties. A total of twenty one (21) adult Wistar rats were used for this research. Diclofenac sodium, Ibuprofen, Aspirin, piroxicam, Celecoxib and indomethazine treatment groups (n =3) was orally administered to each rat following the corresponding dose which was selected based on the LD dose in rats and body weight. Treatment of the animals was done for 14 days after the 7 days acclimatization before sacrificing them through cervical dislocation. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture, using 5ml syringes and 23G needles into blood sample containers for hematological analysis and the liver and Kidney was harvested for biochemical analysis using the principles of biochemical and hematological analysis. The hematological results show that the drug-treated groups had significant decrease in the values of Hb concentration, PCV, RBC and WBC when compared with the control group. However, Hb concentration levels were also observed to increase in Indomethazine, celecoxib, aspirin and diclofenac-treated groups when compared with the control. Biochemical results shows a significant increase of the drug-treated groups of the levels of serum ALP, total bilirubin, total protein, creatinine, albumin, urea, total cholesterol, in comparison with the control group. The results therefore showed that NSAIDs used in this study had toxic effects on vital animal tissues, resulting in hematological disorder, hepatic and renal impairments. 

Five derivatives of oxazolone were synthesized by using Erlenmeyer azlactone synthesis. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of these oxazolones was evaluated on selected skin microorganisms. Preliminary screening was performed to identify growth inhibition, and MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) was determined for the active compounds. Results obtained were very promising and the most active compound in our screen was the dimethoxy substituted oxazolone, which demonstrated a significant enhancement of antimicrobial activity both against selected bacterial and fungal strains. The MIC value of the highly active compound was found to be 12.5µg/ml.

The present study deals with the comparative study of the quality requirements for the drugs that are injected into the body; during their production and for finished drugs. The concept of total quality control test refers to the process of striving to produce a quality product by a series of measures, requiring an organized effort in order to eliminate errors at every stage in the production. Product testing during the production is done in order to check the conformance of the final product with the standards as specified in the official book of drugs (pharmacopoeias) specific to each country. The test parameters have been discussed and taken from the official book of drugs issued by the respective authorities for India, US and UK. However, the parameters and standards differ from each other to some extent. Hence, an attempt is made to bring out the harmonized standards for a product so that it satisfies the quality requirements for many regions. The parameters as per the standards were compared and certain similarities and differences were observed. It was noted that except for a few parameters, the quality control tests were broadly similar.

Staphylococcus aureus was recognized as a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide and a variety of skin infections which require therapeutic approaches. During the last five decades, Staphylococcus aureus clones that resist methicillin (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) disseminated and caused medical and public health problem worldwide 250 clinical isolates collected from Omdurman, Khartoum and Soba hospitals from different sources (blood, urine, pus, diabetic sepsis swab and tip of the catheter), cultured and isolated in pure culture and subjected to microscopical examination by the Gram reaction and biochemical tests to identify them as pure Staphylococcus aureus, then subjected to sensitivity tests by disc diffusion method against commonly used antibiotics in order to determine the sensitivity and resistance patterns against penicillin, co-amoxyclav, oxacillin, fusidic acid ,cefuroxime,vancomycin, cotrimoxazole, rifampicin, gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem and chloramphenicol. 110 of the pure clinical isolates were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which were mannitol non-fermenters and resistant to number of antibiotics and the prevalence of it may increase the emergence of glycopeptide (vancomycin and teicoplanin) resistant strains. The study revealed there were many antibiotics effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and can be used by the clinicians as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infections caused by these strains.

Abrus precatorius Linn. (Fabaceae) is a climbing shrub widely distributed in most of the districts of the country in hedges and among bushes on open lands. The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of red seeds of Abrus precatorius. Earth worms were used for anthelmintic activity. Albendazole was used as standard drug. Time required for paralysis and death of animals were noted for each sample.